Stroke:2014 AHA/ASA大脑和小脑梗死后脑水肿的处理声明

2014-05-26 佚名 脑血管病及重症文献导读

流行病学推荐:1.脑梗塞所致严重大脑半球和小脑水肿的术语和定义应该标准化,这会有利于推进多中心和人群为基础的关于该病发病率、流行病学、危险因素和预后的研究。(I;C)2.选择减压颅骨切除术还需要更多的额外数据,包括医生、医院、健康系统或患者的特征差别。(I;C)定义和临床表现的推荐:1.应该采用临床数据辨别梗死和水肿高风险的患者,比如血管闭塞的情况。(I;C)神经影像的推荐:1.预测脑水肿的头CT

流行病学推荐:


1.脑梗塞所致严重大脑半球和小脑水肿的术语和定义应该标准化,这会有利于推进多中心和人群为基础的关于该病发病率、流行病学、危险因素和预后的研究。(I;C)
2.选择减压颅骨切除术还需要更多的额外数据,包括医生、医院、健康系统或患者的特征差别。(I;C)

定义和临床表现的推荐:

1.应该采用临床数据辨别梗死和水肿高风险的患者,比如血管闭塞的情况。(I;C)

神经影像的推荐:

1.预测脑水肿的头CT特点包括:6h内头CT发现明显低密度,累及范围>=1/3MCA分布区,以及早期中线移位。(I;B)
2.测量6h内MRI DWI梗死体积是一种有用的方法,体积>=80ml预示着迅速爆发的病程。(I;B)
3.脑平扫CT是一线的诊断方法,也可以用于半球或小脑梗死水肿的监测方法。对于发病2天内存在症状性水肿高风险的患者进行连续CT检查。(I;C)

分诊:

1.应该把面积较大的流域性卒中送到ICU或卒中单元治疗,以进行密切监测和综合性治疗。(I;C)
2.如果所在医院不能进行综合性治疗和神经外科治疗,推荐应该把患者转送到高水平中心。(IIa;C)

气道和机械通气推荐:

1.应该保持血二氧化碳水平处于正常范围。(IIa;C)
2.意识水平下降引起氧合不良或无法清除分泌物时应考虑气管插管。(IIb;C)
3.不退静预防性过度通气。(III;C)

血流动力学和血压管理:

1.应给予适当的药物治疗恶性心律失常,并进行持续心脏监测。(I;C)
2.尚缺乏有效数据推荐收缩压和平均动脉压的目标。严重高血压时,可以给予降压药物治疗。尚未制定具体的血压目标。(IIb;C)
3.可以考虑给予足够的等渗液体。(IIb;C)
4.不推荐使用低张或低渗性液体。(III;C)
5.脑水肿发生以前不推荐预防性使用渗透性利尿剂。(III;C)

血糖的管理

1.应避免高血糖,推荐把血糖控制在140-180mg/dl范围内。(I;C)
2.不推荐进行强化血糖管理(<110mg/dl),但是输注胰岛素有利于避免严重高血糖。(IIb;C)
3.无论何时都应该防止发生低血糖。(III;C)

体温的管理:

1.体温的管理是基础治疗的重要部分,应把体温控制在正常范围。(IIa;C)
2.脑水肿前使用治疗性低温的疗效还不清楚。(IIb;C)

ICP的管理:

1.半球缺血性卒中不推荐常规进行ICP监测。(III;C)
2.小脑梗死合并梗阻性脑积水者应该进行脑室造口术,但应随后或同时进行减压颅骨切除术。(I;C)

其他内科治疗:

1.应使用皮下低分子肝素预防DVT发生。(I;C)
2.卒中合并水肿时,不推荐使用静脉肝素或联合抗血小板药物。(III;C)
3.无痫性发作者不需要预防性抗癫痫治疗。(III;C)

病情恶化的识别:

1.对于处于病情恶化高风险的幕上缺血性卒中的患者,临床医生应该频繁监测患者的觉醒水平和同侧瞳孔是否扩大。瞳孔逐渐居中和运动反应恶化也可以提示病情恶化。(I;C)
2.对于处于病情恶化高风险的小脑卒中的患者,临床医生应该频繁监测患者的觉醒水平和新出现的脑干体征。(I;C)

药物选择:

1.脑水肿所致临床恶化者应给予渗透性治疗。(IIa;C)
2.低温、巴比妥药物和皮质醇对缺血性大脑或小脑水肿的疗效尚缺乏证据,不推荐使用。(III;C)

神经外科选择:

1.年龄<60岁,发病48h的单侧MCA梗死的患者,尽管进行了内科治疗但是神经功能恶化者,应该进行减压颅骨切除术和硬脑膜扩张。延迟减压的疗效还不清楚,但应认真考虑。(I;B)
2.尽管减压颅骨切除术的最佳适应症还不清楚,但是可以把脑水肿所致意识水平下降作为选择标准。(IIa;A)
3.减压颅骨切除术对于年龄>60岁患者的有效性和手术最佳时机还不清楚。(IIb;C)
4.小脑梗死经过积极内科治疗后神经功能恶化者应该进行枕骨下颅骨切除术并进行硬脑膜扩张。(I;B)

生物学标记物:

1.血生物学标记物预测缺血性脑水肿的价值还不确定。(IIb;C)
2.电生理学研究预测半球卒中后病情恶化的价值也不确定。(IIb;C)

预后和交代病情:

1.临床医生应该告知家属对于占位性半球梗死的患者,即使经过减压颅骨切除术,一半的幸存者仍然严重残疾,三分之一需完全照料。(IIb;C)
2.临床医生应该告诉家属小脑梗死经过枕骨下颅骨切除术后预后较好。(IIb;C)

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    2014-07-01 lvygwyt2781
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    2014-05-28 zhaohui6731
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    2014-05-28 小华子
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    2014-05-28 karmond
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    2014-05-26 pullo

    DTI得扫多久,现实吗

    0

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