Biotechnology & Bioengineering publishes original articles reviews and mini reviews that deal with all aspects of applied biotechnology. These include: applied aspects of cellular physiology metabolism and energetics of bacteria fungi animal and plant cells; enzyme systems and their applications including enzyme reactors purification and applied aspects of protein engineering; animal-cell biotechnology including media development modeling tissue engineering and applied aspects of cell interactions with their environment and other cells; bioseparation and other downstream processes including cell disruption chromatography affinity purifications extractions and membrane processing; environmental biotechnology including aerobic and anaerobic processes systems involving biofilms algal systems detoxification and bioremediation and genetic aspects; applied genetics and metabolic engineering including modeling molecular processes of applied interest; plant-cell biotechnology; biochemical engineering including transport phenomena in bioreactors bioreactor design kinetics and modeling of biological systems instrumentation and control biological containment and bioprocess design; biosensors; spectroscopic and other instrumental techniques for biotechnological applications including NMR and flow cytometry; thermodynamic aspects of cellular systems and their applications; mineral biotechnology including coal biotechnology; biological aspects of biomass and renewable resources engineering; and fundamental aspects of food biotechnology. The Editors will consider papers for publication based on novelty their immediate or future impact on biotechnological processes and their contribution to the advancement of biotechnology and biochemical engineering science. Submission of papers dealing with routine aspects of bioprocessing description of established equipment and routine applications of established methodologies (e.g. control strategies modeling experimental methods) are discouraged. Theoretical papers will be judged based on the novely of the approach and their potential impact or on their novel capability to predict and elucidate experimental observations.