Subject coverage. The theory, practice and application of measurement in physics, chemistry, engineering and the environmental and life sciences from inception to commercial exploitation. Its scope includes practical sensors, instruments and systems for physical, chemical and biological measurands; signal processing techniques for measurement systems; metrology and the theory of measurement, including data and error analysis, standards and calibration. The full range of transduction principles and measurement techniques are covered, including methods based on optics or other electromagnetic radiation; electrical and magnetic measurements; acoustics and ultrasonics; spectroscopy, including mass spectroscopy, NMR and ESR; nuclear measurements; imaging techniques, including tomography, microscopy and holography.