Nat Med:β2-微球蛋白是衰老的重要前兆,控制它可能会返老还童

2015-07-16 MedSci MedSci原创整理

从节食抗衰老(Cell Metab:新节食方法既可减肥又可延缓衰老),从生物钟的研究,到各种抗氧化剂的抗衰老作用,中医中药作用(Nature:首个抗衰老药黄芪提取物TA-65被控商业欺诈),到长寿因子Sirt1家族的发现和探索(Sirtuins---在心血管系统的作用全面解析),还有专门研究寿命比较长的动物的抗衰老机制(如海龟)(世界最老动物507岁蛤蜊,或有助于衰老和长寿研究

从节食抗衰老(Cell Metab:新节食方法既可减肥又可延缓衰老),从生物钟的研究,到各种抗氧化剂的抗衰老作用,中医中药作用(Nature:首个抗衰老药黄芪提取物TA-65被控商业欺诈),到长寿因子Sirt1家族的发现和探索(Sirtuins---在心血管系统的作用全面解析),还有专门研究寿命比较长的动物的抗衰老机制(如海龟)(世界最老动物507岁蛤蜊,或有助于衰老和长寿研究 ),以及研究代谢机制与衰老的关系(Sci Transl Med:研究开发抗衰老药获得突破),干细胞抗衰老(Science:科学家揭示人类干细胞衰老机理),DNA和染色体衰老机制(Science:中国学者采用成年早衰症干细胞模型揭示衰老的分子机制),诸如等等,人类对长寿和衰老的研究一直未停止过。但是,以往大量研究都无疾而终,因为长寿因子未必能抗衰老。然而,最近几年的研究却有突破性进展。

衰老导致认知障碍,以及大脑退行性损害,这是人知共知的事实。前不久,美国斯坦福大学进行了一个前所未有的临床试验,叫 “异时异种共生” (heterochronic parabiosis) 研究。实验对象是患老年痴呆症的老人。实验方法是抽取年轻人的血,提取血浆后输给这些老人。目的是看通过输入年轻人的血,这些老人的认知障碍是否可以提高,乃至部分恢复。之前斯坦福大学和哈佛大学的动物实验显示,通过输入年轻小鼠的血液,部分老年小鼠的认知能力和多个器官的健康状况都得到了改善(换血可让人返老还童?)(多篇论文同时揭示“返老还童”机制)。

此次研究与以往研究不同的是,发现了β2-微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin)可能是系统性衰老的根本因子。与以往GDF11是年轻因子正好相反。未来能否通过调控β2-微球蛋白和GDF11逆转衰老呢?

有关返老还童的历史回顾

1956年2月,Clive McCay博士在纽约医学院公报上发表了一篇文章,题目叫"实验性地延长寿命"。他将同一家族同血型的90天和300天的大鼠的血管吻合连接在一起,两只大鼠共用血液循环,这种状态叫做异种同生。结果发现老年大鼠的关节软骨很快变得年轻了许多,似乎逆转了老化。

但到底为什么会这样,一直没有答案。直到最近几年陆陆续续有一些研究开始解明这个现象背后的机制。

2005年,斯坦福大学医学院神经系的Thomas Rando教授所率小组在著名的科学杂志《自然》上发表了他们的发现,惊动了整个再生和老年医学界。他们将年幼和年迈的大鼠通过血管吻合连接而匹配在一起。一段时间之后,连接的大鼠就开始共用一套循环系统了,成为异种同生的模型。5周后,他们惊讶地发现年老大鼠的肝脏和骨骼肌的干细胞回到了与年龄不合的更加年轻的状态。老年大鼠甚至表现出跟年轻幼鼠几乎相同的修复肌肉损伤的能力。夸张地说,就是老年大鼠部分返老还童了。

然而,不幸的是,被强行连接的年轻的小鼠接受了老年鼠的血液循环,出现了提前衰老。这些年轻大鼠的肌肉修复能力出现了与年龄不符的减退。似乎年轻大鼠和年迈大鼠出现了让人惊奇的年龄中和。

当然,科学研究不能是一家之言,还得别的独立的团队重复再现才行。这篇文章发表后,引起了再生医学和老年医学界的广泛关注。很多团队开始着手相似的实验.

看到这里,你是不是想起了电影中的吸血鬼?

换血实验

前不久,美国斯坦福大学进行了一个前所未有的临床试验。这个临床试验听起来很另类,或者说很古怪。实验对象是患有阿尔茨海默病,也就是俗称老年痴呆症的老人。实验方法是抽取年轻人的血,提取血浆后输给这些老人。试验的目的是看通过输入年轻人的血,这些老人的认知障碍是否可以提高,甚至能部分恢复。

但实际上,这个不可思议的临床试验可不是电影,而是真的正在进行中的严肃科研课题。这个看似荒谬的实验背后是坚实的科研证据作为支持。

2013年,哈佛大学干细胞与再生生物学系 Amy Wagers 教授和 Lee Rubin 教授做了一个相似的实验。他们将一只只有两个月大的小鼠和一只患有心肌肥大的23个月龄的老年小鼠通过血管吻合连接在一起,开始共享血液循环。仅仅过了4周,老年小鼠的心肌肥大迅速得到了改善,心肌细胞几乎恢复到那只年轻小鼠的同样大小。更加让人鼓舞的是,这只年轻小鼠没有受到任何不良反应,健康生长。同样,在神经和血管功能方面,也一样得到改善。这两项研究分别发表在最顶级生物杂志Cell和Science上。

但是有没有可能是因为血管相连之后,老年小鼠的高血压得到了缓解,因此心肌的压力减小,从而导致心肌恢复呢?在经过一系列实验排除了因为血压改变而造成心肌恢复的可能之后,他们在小鼠的血液中找到了答案——GDF11,是核心关键。

GDF11可能是长生不老丹

血液中的一种蛋白,称为生长分化因子11(GDF11),被认为是起关键作用的物质。这个因子随着年龄增长而下降。他们报告称,注入一种称作为 GDF11 的蛋白质( GDF11 存在小鼠和人类之中),可以改善年龄相当于70岁老人的老年小鼠的运动能力,并提高老龄小鼠大脑嗅觉区的功能——它们能够像年轻小鼠一样识别气味。他们表示,不出意外的话,他们期望能够在3-5年内推动 GDF11 进入人类临床试验。

为了测试这个假说,他们给患有心肌肥大的老年小鼠连续注射了30天这个蛋白。同时,用另外一组同年龄同样心肌肥大的小鼠作为对照,只注射生理盐水。结果在试验结束时,几乎所有注射了GDF11的老年小鼠的心肌都出现了远超对照组的心肌恢复,心脏尺寸明显减小。解剖发现心肌细胞也明显缩小了。

这两项实验都证实了动物器官老化有着惊人的伸缩性。但显然,衰老是个无比复杂的生理过程,不可能仅仅是这一个蛋白的功能。其他的器官的衰老也许是受其他因子的操纵。抗衰老也许需要不仅仅抑制衰老因子,也需要同时提高维持年轻的因子,二者缺一不可。

一年后,这个哈佛的团队又在《自然医学》杂志上发表了一份进展论文。他们发现,给老年小鼠持续注射GDF11一段时间后,老年小鼠的大脑中的新生血管数和干细胞数都出现了增长,显示出年轻化,提示着小鼠的大脑功能得到了改善。

同期,加州斯坦福大学的Tony Wyss-Coray团队也做了相似的实验。他们采取了更加简单可行的办法,直接采集年轻小鼠的血液,输给年老的小鼠。研究发现注射了年轻血液的老白鼠,脑功能运转恢复到了近似于年轻白鼠的水平。得到年轻血液注射的老白鼠的记忆表现远远高于同龄未被注射白鼠的水平。英国阿尔兹海默研究协会的专家表示,目前还不知道上述研究结果是否表明人体注射了年轻血液后也会有同样反应。除增进脑功能外,注射了年轻血液的白鼠在肌肉功能方面也有所提高。专家称,他们可见在不远的未来会展开小规模范围内的人体实验。

虽然没有异体共生实验中取得的效果明显,但新鲜血液部分逆转了已经出现老化的大脑,从分子、结构、功能和认知层面都出现了明显年轻化。老年小鼠的学习能力、环境适应能力,以及记忆力都出现了改善,体力甚至也出现了部分提高。这个研究发表在2014年2月的《自然医学》杂志上。著名专家Scudellari M也给出评论,认为换血可能抵抗衰老。Laviano A在新英格兰杂志上也发表评述认为年青的血液可能让老人涣发青春。

不论是小鼠还是人类,现在都已经发现,随着年龄的增长,血液中的GDF11慢慢下降。到底为什么会下降现在还不知道。但是已知的是这个蛋白质跟多项控制生长的生理信号通路有关。同时又发现这个蛋白可以通过控制另外的蛋白质控制和影响大脑的老化和长期的记忆力。

这一系列鼓舞人心也匪夷所思的动物实验的发表,自然而然指向了下一步的目标:这些动物实验结果能够在人体再现吗?提高GDF11蛋白的含量能否出现在小鼠实验观察到的返老还童?

斯坦福的Wyss-Coray对此信心十足。因为他们近期做的实验就是抽取年轻人的血液,提取血浆后,注射给年老的小鼠。初步试验的结果发现年轻人类的血液在小鼠身上取得了同样的效果。而且这个年轻人的血浆几乎影响了老年鼠的所有器官。

这次的实验召集30岁以下的年轻志愿者,抽取他们的血液后,剔除血细胞,然后将剩下的血浆注射给同血型经过配型合格后的老年阿尔茨海默病的患者。因为有动物实验强有力的数据支持,斯坦福的团队对此信心十足。Wyss-Coray博士乐观地期待能看到这些病人的症状能迅速出现改善。

β2-微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin)可能是衰老毒丸
此次,Wyss-Coray在Nature Medicine上发表的文章则显示β2-微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin)可能是衰老毒丸,不管怎么说,人类对衰老的认识又大大前进了一步!Wyss-Coray发现了两种可以左右衰老的分子,也意味着控制衰老可能成为现实,至少离梦想又近了一步。

小结:

MedSci编辑查阅Clinicaltrials上,发现韩国Bundang CHA Hospita医院开展一项采用脐带血抗衰老的试验,正在招募中。而另一项意大利的研究,由Simona Frontoni发起,主要观察衰老时,血浆中GDF11的变化趋势,目前还未招募。有关Wyss-Coray博士的临床试验,还没有正式的消息。

当然,这还是试验阶段的初期,还不敢保证就一定会出现预期的改善,需要短期和长期仔细的评估和追踪。患者的症状改善也许只是短暂的、临时的,但即便如此,也可以认为是鼓舞人心的。因为这意味着这个方向是正确的,沿着这个研究思路走下去,也许真的有一天返老还童不只是传说,而是可以实现的现实。

但是,衰老是自然规律,逆转衰老可能解决一个问题,也许会引发更多的,更深层的疾病和社会问题。MedSci认为,科学家的梦想是美好的,但现实往往比较残酷。最近就有一些研究质疑这一成果:哈佛大学年轻血液抗衰老研究受到严重质疑,这应该是可以想象得出的,这么令人兴奋的结果,全球其它研究者不会不重复这个研究的。是还是非,短期会有答案。 

原始出处:
Smith LK, He Y, Park JS, Bieri G, Snethlage CE, Lin K, Gontier G, Wabl R, Plambeck KE, Udeochu J, Wheatley EG, Bouchard J, Eggel A, Narasimha R, Grant JL, Luo J, Wyss-Coray T, Villeda SA.β2-microglobulin is a systemic pro-aging factor that impairs cognitive function and neurogenesis.Nat Med. 2015 Jul 6. doi: 10.1038/nm.3898.

Baruch K, Deczkowska A, David E, Castellano JM, Miller O, Kertser A, Berkutzki T, Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Bezalel D, Wyss-Coray T, Amit I, Schwartz M.Aging. Aging-induced type I interferon response at the choroid plexus negatively affects brain function. Science. 2014 Oct 3;346(6205):89-93.

试验:

Katsimpardi L, Litterman NK, Schein PA, Miller CM, Loffredo FS, Wojtkiewicz GR, Chen JW, Lee RT, Wagers AJ, Rubin LL.Vascular and neurogenic rejuvenation of the aging mouse brain by young systemic factors. Science. 2014 May 9;344(6184):630-4.

Loffredo FS, Steinhauser ML, Jay SM, Gannon J, Pancoast JR, Yalamanchi P, Sinha M, Dall'Osso C, Khong D, Shadrach JL, Miller CM, Singer BS, Stewart A, Psychogios N, Gerszten RE, Hartigan AJ, Kim MJ, Serwold T, Wagers AJ, Lee RT.Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy.Cell. 2013 May 9;153(4):828-39.

Egerman MA, Cadena SM, Gilbert JA, Meyer A, Nelson HN, Swalley SE, Mallozzi C, Jacobi C, Jennings LL, Clay I, Laurent G, Ma S, Brachat S, Lach-Trifilieff E, Shavlakadze T, Trendelenburg AU, Brack AS, Glass DJ. GDF11 Increases with Age and Inhibits Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Cell Metab. 2015 Jul 7;22(1):164-74.

Scudellari M.Ageing research: Blood to blood. Nature. 2015 Jan 22;517(7535):426-9

Laviano A. Young blood. N Engl J Med. 2014 Aug 7;371(6):573-5 

Sinha M, Jang YC, Oh J, Khong D, Wu EY, Manohar R, Miller C, Regalado SG, Loffredo FS, Pancoast JR, Hirshman MF, Lebowitz J, Shadrach JL, Cerletti M, Kim MJ, Serwold T, Goodyear LJ, Rosner B, Lee RT, Wagers AJ. Restoring systemic GDF11 levels reverses age-related dysfunction in mouse skeletal muscle.Science. 2014 May 9;344(6184):649-52.

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    2016-06-28 xzw113
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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2035119, encodeId=184c20351190c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a426866eae' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#球蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68667, encryptionId=5a426866eae, topicName=球蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2317301, createdName=xzw113, createdTime=Tue Jun 28 08:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2077310, encodeId=f99f20e7310b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=09ac1921127' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#β2-微球蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19211, encryptionId=09ac1921127, topicName=β2-微球蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKeia4TJeMGvEH3wKKIBNjuHuIic1HDNOB10j4tCd3nbylxkxm6HSMfEaKkSu6OZOak4uZv7UVicsWEg/132, createdBy=bc9a2500116, createdName=zywlvao, createdTime=Sat Apr 16 14:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880731, encodeId=d8361880e318c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 18:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=35607, encodeId=c8753560eba, content=长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76aa1638509, createdName=1dd9c7cbm78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Aug 15 01:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1361626, encodeId=040d136162653, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=235c94324e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#返老还童#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94324, encryptionId=235c94324e2, topicName=返老还童)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=40be178, createdName=zhyy88, createdTime=Sat Jul 18 08:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606545, encodeId=2ab71606545cf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sat Jul 18 08:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32929, encodeId=e4543292931, content=神奇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150707/IMG559BDBCBCA5618647.jpg, createdBy=494c1631012, createdName=文刀, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 21:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32921, encodeId=f2ff32921f3, content=脑洞大开呀,原来衰老还有这么多研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 18:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-10-22 liye789132251
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2035119, encodeId=184c20351190c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a426866eae' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#球蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68667, encryptionId=5a426866eae, topicName=球蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2317301, createdName=xzw113, createdTime=Tue Jun 28 08:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2077310, encodeId=f99f20e7310b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=09ac1921127' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#β2-微球蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19211, encryptionId=09ac1921127, topicName=β2-微球蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKeia4TJeMGvEH3wKKIBNjuHuIic1HDNOB10j4tCd3nbylxkxm6HSMfEaKkSu6OZOak4uZv7UVicsWEg/132, createdBy=bc9a2500116, createdName=zywlvao, createdTime=Sat Apr 16 14:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1880731, encodeId=d8361880e318c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 18:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=35607, encodeId=c8753560eba, content=长知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76aa1638509, createdName=1dd9c7cbm78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Aug 15 01:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1361626, encodeId=040d136162653, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=235c94324e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#返老还童#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94324, encryptionId=235c94324e2, topicName=返老还童)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=40be178, createdName=zhyy88, createdTime=Sat Jul 18 08:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606545, encodeId=2ab71606545cf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sat Jul 18 08:05:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32929, encodeId=e4543292931, content=神奇, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150707/IMG559BDBCBCA5618647.jpg, createdBy=494c1631012, createdName=文刀, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 21:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32921, encodeId=f2ff32921f3, content=脑洞大开呀,原来衰老还有这么多研究, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 18:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-08-15 1dd9c7cbm78(暂无匿称)

    长知识

    0

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    2015-07-16 文刀

    神奇

    0

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    2015-07-16 medcardio

    脑洞大开呀,原来衰老还有这么多研究

    0

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