丙型肝炎直接抗病毒药物临床试验评价专家建议

2016-05-11 范学工 中华肝脏病杂志

近年来,丙型肝炎直接抗病毒药物(DAA)的研究开发已进入快速发展阶段,不断有新药获准上市。目前国内已有越来越多的临床医师和医疗单位在不同程度上参与DAA的药物临床试验工作,但国内尚无相关指南或规范,为使这方面的工作更规范、更符合国内新药评价的要求并与国际接轨,“重大疾病新药临床评价研究综合技术平台建设”课题组就丙型肝炎DAA的新药临床试验的相关问题进行了广泛讨论,并参考国内外相关文献,形成了《

近年来,丙型肝炎直接抗病毒药物(DAA)的研究开发已进入快速发展阶段,不断有新药获准上市。目前国内已有越来越多的临床医师和医疗单位在不同程度上参与DAA的药物临床试验工作,但国内尚无相关指南或规范,为使这方面的工作更规范、更符合国内新药评价的要求并与国际接轨,“重大疾病新药临床评价研究综合技术平台建设”课题组就丙型肝炎DAA的新药临床试验的相关问题进行了广泛讨论,并参考国内外相关文献,形成了《丙型肝炎直接抗病毒药物临床试验评价专家建议》。

DAA又称HCV特异性靶向抗病毒治疗药物,这些药物特异性作用于HCV复制周期。根据药物作用部位,可分为NS3/4A蛋白酶抑制剂、NS5A蛋白酶抑制剂、核苷类与非核苷类NS5B蛋白酶抑制剂与内部核糖体进入位点(internal ribosome entry site,IRES)抑制剂等。

病例选择(受试者特征及选择)

1.慢性丙型肝炎的定义和诊断标准

HCV感染人体超过6个月,即考虑为慢性丙型肝炎。慢性丙型肝炎的诊断依据为:HCV感染超过6个月,或有6个月以前的流行病学史,或虽发病日期不明、抗-HCV及HCV RNA阳性,肝脏组织病理学检查符合慢性肝炎。或根据症状、体征、实验室、影像学检查结果综合分析,亦可诊断。在丙型肝炎药物临床试验中,最常用的标准是有原始资料证实的HCVRNA阳性6个月以上。丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)是否升高不能作为患者的诊断标准。

2.治疗的适应证(目标人群)

治疗的目标人群为所有HCV慢性感染的患者,这些患者HCV RNA检测为阳性。不同的新药和不同的治疗方案其适应人群不同,一般分为以下几类:(1)代偿期肝病患者;(2)不同HCV基因型患者;(3)初治患者;(4)复发患者;(5)部分应答患者;(6)无应答患者;(7)干扰素或利巴韦林不耐受或禁忌人群;(8)其他严重肝病患者,例如有肝移植指征的患者以及肝移植术后复发的患者;(9)特殊人群,例如合并HIV感染、合并HBV感染、血液透析患者、丙型肝炎相关性再生障碍性贫血(hepatitis associated aplasticanemia,HAAA)患者、儿童患者、非肝移植的其他移植患者、滥用药物者以及正在维持替代治疗者等。在慢性丙型肝炎的临床试验中,设计方案主要考虑初治和经治、肝硬化和无肝硬化、不同基因型、病情严重程度等,次要考虑特殊人群。

疗效的评价

(一)疗效应答

1.HCV基因分型:HCV基因型是确定患者治疗方案最重要的基线指标,不同基因型患者抗病毒治疗疗程、利巴韦林剂量、病毒学应答均不同。因此,应该在抗病毒治疗前确定病毒基因型甚至亚型,以制定个体化治疗方案,使患者最大可能获得持续性病毒学应答(SVR)。临床试验中采用的HCV基因型检测方法应能对足够大的NS5B基因片段进行测序,并能根据序列测定结果进行种系发生分析。建议采用基于PCR的分子生物学方法,如测序法(PCR产物直接测序或克隆测序)、限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、反相杂交法、实时PCR和DNA微阵列芯片等。因报道的亚型测定错误率太高,目前不建议使用基于5’非编码区分析的技术。

2.HCV病毒载量:根据检测技术的不同,HCV RNA检测分为定性和定量检测。灵敏、准确且重复性好的HCVRNA定量检测是治疗丙型肝炎的基础,临床试验所采用的HCV RNA检测方法应基于实时PCR技术的标准化,或采用CE标记的定量检测方法,检测下限约为10~15 1U/ml。选择的检测方法必须适合研究人群的基因型。在一项研究以及整个临床开发方案采集的所有样本中,必须使用同一种检测方法。

3.组织学应答:组织学应答是指肝组织病理学炎症坏死和纤维化改善的程度,可采用国内外通用的肝组织分级(炎症坏死程度)、分期(纤维化程度)或半定量计分系统来评价。

(二)疗效终点

1.主要疗效终点:在确证性临床试验中,推荐的主要疗效终点是SVR,其定义为:治疗结束后12周或24周用灵敏的试剂检测不到HCV RNA,不考虑预定治疗持续时间长短。SVR有两种分类:SVRl2和SVR24,分别指在治疗后随访第12周和第24周的持续病毒学应答。以SVR为主要疗效终点的临床试验总结获得SVRl2或SVR24的受试者比例。鉴于前期研究发现SVRl2与SVR24的一致性高达99%,目前更倾向于以SVRl2作为主要疗效终点。

2.次要疗效终点:次要疗效终点通常可定义为以下几种:(1)治疗4周获得病毒学应答(RVR)的受试者比例。(2)治疗12周获得完全病毒学应答(cEVR)的受试者比例。(3)治疗12周HCV RNA仍可测到,但较基线下降大于2 log10IU/ml(pEVR)的受试者比例;若为无聚乙二醇干扰素和利巴韦林(PR)研究,pEVR评估时间点前移至治疗4周。(4)治疗12周HCV RNA仍可测到,且较基线下降小于2 log10 IU/ml(NR)的受试者比例;若为无PR研究,NR评估时间点前移至治疗6周或8周。(5)治疗12周获得部分病毒学应答,24周获得病毒学应答(DVR)的受试者比例。(6)治疗结束时获得病毒学应答(E1R)的受试者比例。(7)病毒学反弹(BT)的受试者比例。(8)病毒学复发(relapse)的受试者比例。(9)生化学应答(biochemical response),治疗结束时受试者ALT水平复常的比例。(10)组织学应答(histological response),治疗结束时或结束后受试者肝脏组织学改善的比例。

3.探索性疗效分析:临床试验中可定义一些探索性的疗效分析,分析新药疗效的影响因素,例如与病毒学无应答以及未获得SVR有关的因素,包括受试者宿主基因、HCV基因型、HCV基因变异频率、基线HCV RNA、基线肝纤维化程度等。还可通过量表评分对受试者的生活质量的变化进行分析。

(三)治疗应答的评估

临床试验过程中需要对受试者的治疗应答以及用药安全进行定期的评估,评估疗效最重要的是HCVRNA载量,至少需要在基线,治疗2周、4周、8周、12周、24周,治疗结束时,治疗结束后12周、24周进行检测。为确保检测结果的一致性,上述评估应在同一实验室采用相同的检测方法进行。

试验设计

DAA药物临床试验应采用随机化方法,并尽可能采用双盲设计。

(一)探索性研究

1.剂量探索性单药治疗研究:这些研究可初步确定合理的给药方案。应根据体外IC50值和药代动力学数据,对药物适当的剂量范围进行研究。目前可以接受的是5~7 d的单药治疗持续时间。如果有充分的循证依据证实,或病毒有较高的耐药基因屏障,也可接受10~14d的单药治疗持续时间。

2.联合治疗(新药+PR疗法)的早期探索性研究:在这些研究中,期望将不同剂量和治疗持续时间的DAA追加至PR疗法,并在初治患者/未出现重度纤维化的复发患者中比较其疗效和安全性。如果初治患者和复发者入选相同的研究,则必须根据随机原则进行分层。如果研究中包含两类人群,则建议任何研究组(初治患者或复发者)占研究人群的比例均不小于40%。必须采取严格的终止标准,并且采样频率必须足以充分描述病毒动力学、药代动力学和可能产生的耐药性。

3.特定患者人群中进行的探索性研究:为进一步证明试验药物的安全性和有效性,必须考虑在以下患者人群中进行附加的探索性研究:中重度肝纤维化或肝硬化患者、试验药物治疗失败的患者、PR疗法无应答或复发的患者。

4.无PR疗法的探索性研究:在开始治疗前,必须确定每种抗病毒药物的适宜剂量,建议在每种标准疗法的药物剂量范围中获得安全性和早期病毒学应答数据后,进行无PR的药物剂量选择。此外,必须获得所选药物相互作用数据,以及持续时间不少于探索性研究的联合治疗的毒理学数据。

(二)确证性研究

确证性试验的目的是证明与PR疗法相比,有效性提高和(或)总体治疗持续时间缩短。较短的治疗持续时间可能增加患者对治疗方案的耐受性,然而,最终需要对新的治疗方案的有效性与安全性进行权衡。考虑到与治疗失败相关的耐药风险,如果缩短该治疗方案的持续时问会损失有效性,则这样的治疗方案就不合适。

在开始确证性试验前,必须确定在含DAA的研究组中,因病毒学应答不足而终止试验的初步终止原则。此外还应根据患者HCV基因型/亚型、IL28B基因多态性、病毒载量、有无肝硬化等情况进行分层分析。

特殊人群中进行的研究

◆ 包括肝移植患者在内的失代偿期肝硬化患者:如果在基因型和肝损伤程度均无差异的非肝移植患者中证明了含DAA的治疗方案具有良好的收益-风险比,则可在肝移植患者中进行试验,目的是提供药代动力学、安全性和病毒应答数据,以支持DAA在肝移植患者中的适应证,前提是这些移植患者中的抗病毒活性应与非移植患者相似。

◆ 儿童患者:由于儿童慢性丙型肝炎的患病率相当低.更重要的是.肝损伤进展慢,因此在积累全面的成人安全性和有效性数据之前,通常不建议在儿童中进行临床研究。如果在成人临床试验中获得了良好的数据,并且完成了成人II/III期临床试验.则可在儿童中进行说明书外推的研究,包括药代动力学和安全性研究。

◆ HIV/HCV共同感染者:DAA与抗逆转录病毒药物之间可能存在相互影响,因此在进行DAA新药研究时,应明确两者之间的相互作用,并评价DAA对抗HIV药物疗效的影响。同普通人群一样,研究的主要终点推荐为SVRl2。

临床安全性评估

在临床试验过程中.对所有的不良事件、失访和在治疗过程中的死亡患者都应加以验证。

◆ 确切的不良事件:在前期研究中发现DAA治疗患者容易出现乏力、贫血、发热、皮疹及胃肠道症状等不良反应,因此在相关研究中需密切监测此类不良反应。

◆ 需要专门监测的不良事件:在DAA治疗开始之前,通常已存在对DAA敏感性降低的特定突变体,DAA治疗开始后.体外药物压力和体内非抑制性治疗均可对此类突变体加以选择。

原始出处:

《中华肝脏病杂志》2016年3月第24卷第3期

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#插入话题
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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1967810, encodeId=90f8196e81031, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3858e2436f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#直接抗病毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72436, encryptionId=3858e2436f4, topicName=直接抗病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Wed Jul 06 16:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86355, encodeId=9a30863557e, content=我有是一楼, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Wed May 18 22:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86356, encodeId=b68c863561c, content=是来的很早吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Wed May 18 22:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1274562, encodeId=1f7f12e4562ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=30872089e03' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20897, encryptionId=30872089e03, topicName=丙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f503121, createdName=zjubiostat, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1292329, encodeId=a4a3129232967, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a3b4554e19d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗病毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55471, encryptionId=a3b4554e19d, topicName=抗病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=52c7237, createdName=yahu, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1363323, encodeId=b918136332386, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2b00554848e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗病毒药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55484, encryptionId=2b00554848e, topicName=抗病毒药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=26a9200, createdName=yangshch, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444148, encodeId=be96144414850, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1480904, encodeId=72781480904d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=96a08e64833' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物临床试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87648, encryptionId=96a08e64833, topicName=药物临床试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=65ed7724096, createdName=1508842480_96220439, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489474, encodeId=34a714894e4d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f71e24390c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#直接抗病毒药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72439, encryptionId=6f71e24390c, topicName=直接抗病毒药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fe638558169, createdName=crystal0565, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-18 stead

    我有是一楼

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1967810, encodeId=90f8196e81031, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3858e2436f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#直接抗病毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72436, encryptionId=3858e2436f4, topicName=直接抗病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Wed Jul 06 16:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86355, encodeId=9a30863557e, content=我有是一楼, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Wed May 18 22:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86356, encodeId=b68c863561c, content=是来的很早吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160509/IMG572FCF18A71237916.jpg, createdBy=d0861720708, createdName=stead, createdTime=Wed May 18 22:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1274562, encodeId=1f7f12e4562ef, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=30872089e03' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20897, encryptionId=30872089e03, topicName=丙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f503121, createdName=zjubiostat, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1292329, encodeId=a4a3129232967, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a3b4554e19d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗病毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55471, encryptionId=a3b4554e19d, topicName=抗病毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=52c7237, createdName=yahu, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1363323, encodeId=b918136332386, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2b00554848e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗病毒药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55484, encryptionId=2b00554848e, topicName=抗病毒药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=26a9200, createdName=yangshch, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1444148, encodeId=be96144414850, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d9291459d1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#评价#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91459, encryptionId=3d9291459d1, topicName=评价)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1fee5134542, createdName=huagfeg, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1480904, encodeId=72781480904d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=96a08e64833' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物临床试验#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87648, encryptionId=96a08e64833, topicName=药物临床试验)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=65ed7724096, createdName=1508842480_96220439, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1489474, encodeId=34a714894e4d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f71e24390c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#直接抗病毒药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=72439, encryptionId=6f71e24390c, topicName=直接抗病毒药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fe638558169, createdName=crystal0565, createdTime=Fri May 13 02:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-18 stead

    是来的很早吗?

    0

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    2016-05-13 yahu
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    2016-05-13 huagfeg
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