疱疹性脑炎、其他各种脑炎丨影像诊断要点

2022-09-12 熊猫放射 熊猫放射

疱疹性脑炎概述1型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1) 导致的脑实质感染通常为具有免疫力的患者再次免疫激活。

疱疹性脑炎

概述

  • 1型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1) 导致的脑实质感染

  • 通常为具有免疫力的患者再次免疫激活

影像

  • 最佳诊断要点:边缘系统(内侧颞叶和额叶底部皮层)T2/FLAIR高信号,伴DWI弥散受限;通常为双侧,但不对称;深部灰质核团一般不受累

  • CT早期常正常

  • MR(包括DWI) 对早期诊断最敏感

  • T2/FLAIR:皮层、皮层下高信号, 而白质相对保留

  • GRE:若有出血, 水肿的脑组织内低信号的“开花征”

  • DWI:边缘系统弥散受限

  • T1WI C+:早期可见轻度斑片状强化;症状起始1周后脑回样增强常见

主要的鉴别诊断

  • 急性脑梗死

  • 癫痫持续状态

  • 边缘叶脑炎

  • 浸润性肿瘤

临床要点

  • 主要表现:发热、头痛、癫痫、±病毒感染的前驱症状

  • 儿童常表现为非特异性症状

  • CSF的聚合酶链反应(PCR) 诊断最准确

  • 疱疹病毒性脑炎的95%是由HSV-1引起

  • 若疑诊HSE,应立即开始静脉应用阿昔洛韦

(左)冠状位示意图显示疱疹病毒性脑炎的典型特征,双侧边缘系统不对称性受累,炎症累及颞叶、扣带回和岛叶皮层。

(右) 冠状位T1WI C+MR显示双侧颞叶、岛叶皮层不对称性脑回样强化,扣带回强化较轻,脑回样强化通常为亚急性期的特征,见于患者症状起始的1周后。

(左) 疱疹病毒性脑炎患者,轴位FLAIR像显示典型的双颞叶内侧不对称性高信号。注意双侧海马受累(箭)。

(右) 同一患者,轴位DWI显示双颞叶内侧和海马弥散受限,呈高信号。对于检查脑炎,DWI和FLAIR是最敏感序列。在疱疹病毒性脑炎早期CT正常。

(左) 表现为精神症状的青年患者,轴位NECT显示左侧颞叶水肿和出血。尽管早期就应用阿昔洛韦治疗,患者仍死亡,HSE病人的死亡率在50%~70%。

(右) 发病2周的疱疹病毒性脑炎患者,矢状位TIWI显示颞叶体积减少,颞叶皮层线性脑回样短T1信号,为皮层出血亚急性期表现。

(左)轴位T2WI显示疱疹病毒性脑炎的典型表现,双侧、不对称性颞叶皮层、皮层下白质高信号。注意深部灰质未受累。FLAIR可显示HSE的细微改变,并早于T2WI。

(右) 同一患者, 轴位T1WI C+MR显示双侧颞叶内侧、岛叶皮层不对称性增强。还要注意到扣带回的轻度强化。

其他各种脑炎

概述

  • 各种病原体引起的弥漫性脑实质炎症,最常见的是病毒

  • 部位因病因而不同

影像

  • 灰质±白质或深层灰质核团异常T2高信号

  • 病灶大、常边界不清,±斑片状出血

  • 影像常为非特异性改变,类似于其他病因所致改变

主要的鉴别诊断

  • 急性缺血

  • 浸润性肿瘤

  • 疱疹病毒性脑炎

  • 癫痫持续状态

  • 中毒/代谢性病变

病理

  • 大部分(但不是全部)由病毒所引起

  • 病毒通过血液或神经播散人中枢神经系统

临床要点

  • 疱疹病毒性脑炎:散发性(非传染性)病毒性脑炎的最常见病因

  • 日本脑炎:亚洲最常见的地方流行性脑炎

  • 许多脑炎的发病率和死亡率较高

  • 快速诊断和早期抗病毒或抗细菌治疗可降低死亡率、改善预后

诊断纲要

  • 临床病史常有助于准确诊断

  • 相比于常规MR,DWI可以更早地显示病变

(左)免疫抑制伴巨细胞病毒性脑炎的患者,轴位FLAIR显示左侧额叶后部高信号。CMV常累及脑室周围白质。

(右)同一位患者,轴位DWI显示左侧额叶后部灰质和白质弥散受限,脑炎在DWI常有阳性表现,可能是MR的最敏感序列。

(左) 西尼罗河病毒性脑炎患者,轴位FLAIR显示双侧基底节区和丘脑对称性异常高信号,这种深部灰质核团对称性受累表现与中毒性、代谢性和缺血缺氧性脑病相似。

(右) 10岁患者,头痛、眩晕和呕吐。轴位T2WI显示双侧小脑半球高信号。小脑炎常见于儿童。

(左) 患者有感染性单核细胞增多症病史,轴位FLAIR显示双侧丘脑对称性高信号。EB病毒常累及基底节、丘脑、皮层和/或脑干。脑炎的影像检查常呈非特异性,常类似其他疾病。

(右)病毒性脑炎患者,冠状位T1WI C+MR显示右侧颞叶非增强性“占位”病变。脑炎病灶强化表现多样。

(左) 西尼罗河病毒性脑炎患者, 轴位DWI显示丘脑和岛叶皮层对称性弥散受限。基底节和丘脑受累为该病的典型表现。与常规MR序列相比,DWI有助于早期发现病变。

(右) 同一患者,轴位T1WI显示双侧丘脑短T1信号。短T1提示存在血液产物,在该病不常见。

(左) 三叉神经痛患者, 轴位T1WI C+MR显示三叉神经脑池段(弯箭)、神经根入口区和脑桥部强化。在带状疱疹病毒感染, 三叉神经眼支最常受累。在具有免疫力的患者, 带状疱疹病毒常累及脑神经。VZA脑炎罕见。

(右)麻痹型狂犬病毒性脑炎患者,矢状位T2WI显示颈段脊髓弥漫性肿胀和高信号。麻痹型狂犬病毒常累及延髓和脊髓。

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