FDA:礼来口服RET抑制剂selpercatinib在美国上市

2020-05-10 MedSci MedSci原创

高选择性RET抑制剂Selpercatinib(也叫LOXO-292)获批上市!该药是一种口服RET激酶抑制剂,用于治疗晚期RET融合阳性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者、RET突变型甲状腺髓样癌(MT

高选择性RET抑制剂Selpercatinib(也叫LOXO-292)获批上市!该药是一种口服RET激酶抑制剂,用于治疗晚期RET融合阳性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者、RET突变型甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)患者、RET融合阳性甲状腺癌患者。FDA已指定该NDA的处方药用户收费法(PDUFA)目标日期为2020年第三季度。
 
selpercatinib(LOXO-292)是一种强效、口服、高度选择性转染期间重排(RET)激酶抑制剂,用于治疗RET异常的癌症患者。RET基因是一个在转染过程中发生重排的原癌基因,并因此而得名,该基因编码一种细胞膜受体酪氨酸激酶,其异常是多种类型肿瘤的罕见驱动因素。
 
此次NDA,基于I/II期临床研究LIBRETTO-001的数据。该研究是评估一种RET抑制剂治疗RET改变癌症患者的最大规模临床研究。结果显示,selpercatinib在先前未接受治疗(初治)和先前已接受过治疗(经治)的RET突变甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)患者中的ORR分别为59%和56%。之前公布的NSCLC队列数据显示,selpercatinib在初治、经治RET融合阳性NSCLC患者中的ORR分别为85%、68%;此外,selpercatinib是第一个显示出强大中枢神经系统(CNS)活性的RET抑制剂,CNS ORR高达91%。
selpercatinib分子结构式(图片来源medchemexpress.cn)
 
据估计,RET融合存在于大约2%的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)、10-20%的乳头状甲状腺癌(PTC)和其他类型甲状腺癌、以及其他癌症(如结直肠癌)亚组中;RET点突变存在于大约60%的甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)中。RET融合及RET点突变癌症主要依赖于RET激酶的激活来维持其增殖和存活,这种依赖性通常被称为“致癌基因成瘾”,使得这类肿瘤对靶向RET的小分子抑制剂高度敏感。
 
selpercatinib旨在抑制天然的RET信号转导以及预期的获得性耐药机制,该药目前处于临床开发,用于肿瘤中携带异常的RET激酶的患者。
 
在美国,FDA已授予selpercatinib治疗三类患者的突破性药物资格(BTD),具体为:(1)接受含铂化疗以及一种PD-1或PD-L1肿瘤免疫疗法治疗后病情进展、需要系统治疗(全身治疗)的转移性RET融合阳性NSCLC患者;(2)既往接受治疗后病情进展且没有可接受的替代治疗选择、需要系统治疗的RET突变型甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)患者;(3)既往接受其他方案后病情进展且没有可接受的替代治疗方案、需要系统治疗的晚期RET融合阳性甲状腺癌患者。
 
在2019年,FDA授予了selpercatinib孤儿药资格,用于治疗:RET融合阳性NSCLC、RET融合阳性和RET突变甲状腺癌,包括低分化甲状腺癌、未分化或间变性甲状腺癌、MTC、局部晚期或转移性滤泡或乳头状甲状腺癌。
 
2019年12月,礼来启动了selpercatinib的2项III期试验:LIBRETTO-431试验用于治疗初治RET融合阳性NSCLC患者,LIBRETTO-531用于治疗初治RET突变MTC患者。每项试验将招募400例患者
 
58例接受过PD-1/PD-L1序贯或同时使用铂类化疗的NSCLC患者,ORR为66%,中位DOR为12.5个月。
39例初治RET融合阳性成人NSCLC患者的ORR为84%,DOR超过6个月的患者比例为58%。
55例既往接受过卡博替尼、凡德他尼治疗的晚期或转移性RET突变甲状腺髓样癌患者中,ORR为69%,其中DOR超过6个月的患者比例为76%。88例既往未接受过卡博替尼和凡德他尼治疗的RET突变甲状腺髓样癌患者的ORR为73%,其中DOR超过6个月的患者比例为61%。
微信图片_202005091612512
微信图片_202005091612513
 
19例放射性碘难治且接受过其他系统治疗的RET融合阳性甲状腺癌患者中,ORR为79%,其中DOR超过6个月的患者比例为87%。8例仅接受过放射性碘治疗的RET融合阳性甲状腺癌患者的ORR为100%,其中DOR超过6个月的患者比例为75%。
微信图片_202005091612514
 
Retevmo最常见的副作用是天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)升高、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)酶升高、血糖升高,白细胞计数减少,白蛋白减少,血钙水平降低,口干, 腹泻,肌酐增加,碱性磷酸酶增加,高血压,疲劳,身体或四肢肿胀,血小板计数低,胆固醇增加,皮疹,便秘和血钠水平降低等。

对从未接受过治疗的39例RET融合阳性NSCLC患者,Retevmo治疗的ORR为84%。对治疗有反应的患者中,58%的患者的反应持续至少六个月。

下图为一位中年肺癌缓和,RET-KIF5B融合,使用Retevmo治疗4周之后肿瘤明显缩小。

在甲状腺癌方面, Retevmo治疗143例先前曾接受过卡博替尼(cabozantinib)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)或两款药物兼用的晚期或转移性RET突变甲状腺髓样癌患者,有效率为69%,对于未曾接受过卡博替尼或凡德他尼治疗的晚期或转移性RET突变MTC患者,ORR为73%。突变外,Retevmo治疗19例RET融合阳性甲状腺癌,ORR为79%。对于初治的RET融合甲状腺癌患者,有效率100%。疗效可观。

目前已知的RET抑制剂汇总:

代表药物:Selpercatinib (LOXO-292) ,Pralsetinib(BLU-667)等

主要针对类型:RET基因突变的非小细胞肺癌和甲状腺癌。

RET基因的致癌突变有两大类,一类是融合突变,一类是点突变。融合突变主要存在于部分非小细胞肺癌和甲状腺乳头状癌中,而点突变主要存在于甲状腺髓样癌。

RET突变和癌症发生的关系早已清楚,但开发RET高特异性的靶向药技术难度很大,很多公司都没有成功。长期以来,市面上都缺乏特异性的RET靶向药。携带RET突变的患者还是主要靠化疗或者多靶点的靶向药,不仅疗效欠佳,而且副作用较大。

最近两年,高选择性的RET抑制剂终于被开发出来,包括Selpercatinib和Pralsetinib。在临床研究中,这些药物对携带RET融合突变或者点突变的肿瘤效果都很不错,患者肿瘤显著缩小的比例超过50%,对于某些亚型的研究中甚至超过了80%!

相信随着它们的上市,RET基因检测将很快成为非小细胞肺癌(尤其是腺癌亚型)和甲状腺癌(尤其是髓样癌和乳头状癌亚型)患者的标准操作。

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    2020-10-28 jklm09
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    2020-12-10 ysjykql
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    2020-06-29 feather89
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