Cell:CRISPR-Cas9新玩法!不切DNA就能治疗疾病

2017-12-08 药明康德 学术经纬

今日,Salk研究所的科学家们带来了一项重量级研究——他们开发了一种全新的CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术,能在不切开DNA的前提下,对基因进行激活。这有望规避目前基因编辑技术的主要瓶颈,带来全新的应用。这项重磅研究今日发表在了顶尖学术刊物《Cell》上。

今日,Salk研究所的科学家们带来了一项重量级研究——他们开发了一种全新的CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术,能在不切开DNA的前提下,对基因进行激活。这有望规避目前基因编辑技术的主要瓶颈,带来全新的应用。这项重磅研究今日发表在了顶尖学术刊物《Cell》上。

近年来,CRISPR-Cas9系统是人们关注的焦点。这种突破性的技术能在DNA的目标区域上切开一个口子,形成“双链断裂”,从而插入或删除特定的基因。但由于DNA是人类储存遗传信息的关键蓝图,这种在“源代码”上动刀的做法,也引起了安全性上的不少担忧。

尽管许多研究表明CRISPR-Cas9是基因疗法中的有效工具,依旧有不少人担心它会通过双链DNA断裂,带来不想要的突变,”该研究的主要负责人Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte教授说道:“我们能避免这样的担忧。”

研究人员对CRISPR-Cas9系统进行了精妙的改造。在通常的CRISPR-Cas9系统里,Cas9蛋白在gRNA的引导下,能靶向基因组的特定区域,造成双链DNA断裂。最近,一些科学家们也开发出了一些新系统,里头的Cas9蛋白不具备“剪切”功能(失活)。这些Cas9蛋白虽然能结合到基因组上的特定位置,但不会造成双链DNA断裂。于是,科学家们把这些蛋白和另一些能影响基因表达的“分子开关蛋白”融合到一块,让它们扮演类似转录调控蛋白的作用,定点启动特定的基因。这一系统虽然富有创意,但在实际应用上却遭遇了瓶颈——这些融合蛋白的尺寸太大了,很难用常规的腺相关病毒(AAV)递送到生物体内。由于缺乏有效的递送方法,它的应用前景也大打折扣。

Izpisua Belmonte教授的团队则另辟蹊径。通过筛选大量的组合,他们找到了一种无需将分子开关与Cas9蛋白(无论失活还是不失活)融合在一起,就能起作用的方法。利用不同的腺相关病毒递送载体,研究人员可以分批把Cas9蛋白、分子开关、以及gRNA递送到细胞内,并确保它们能正常工作。

“这些不同的组分能一道在生物体内起作用,影响内源基因。”该研究的共同第一作者Hsin-Kai Liao博士说道。从某种意义上讲,这套新系统从“表观”上影响基因的活性,而不会改变DNA序列。

这套系统的效果在小鼠实验中得到了验证。研究人员们建立了急性肾损伤、1型糖尿病、以及一类肌营养不良的小鼠模型。在每一种模型里,他们都设计了一款CRISPR-Cas9表观激活系统,提高特定内源基因的表达。在急性肾损伤的模型中,研究人员期望表达的2条基因果然得到了激活,产生了大量相关蛋白。小鼠的肾功能也有所改善;在1型糖尿病的模型里,研究人员们成功激活了一条能催生胰岛素制造细胞的基因,帮助小鼠降低了血糖水平;在最后一个肌营养不良的模型中,一些先前被确认可以逆转病情的基因被激活。这些结果彰显了这套系统的广泛应用前景。

“我们非常高兴能在小鼠里看到这些结果,”该研究的另一名共同第一作者Fumiyuki Hatanaka博士说道:“我们能诱导基因激活,并同时看到生理变化。”

按计划,Izpisua Belmonte教授的团队将进一步提高这套系统的特异性,并应用到更多类型的细胞和器官中,治疗广泛的人类疾病。

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    2018-02-11 维他命
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    2017-12-10 yuandd
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    2017-12-10 respect
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    2017-12-10 yaanren
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    2017-12-08 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

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