内科学年鉴:ACP/CDC发布门急诊“急性呼吸道感染”抗生素使用指南

2016-01-19 Mechront &KL MedSci原创

ACP和CDC发布了成人急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)抗生素使用临床指南。CDC的作者Dr Harris称:“除外明确的细菌感染如链球菌性咽炎或急性细菌性鼻窦炎,门诊不应该对急性呼吸道感染的成人使用抗生素,治疗应以缓解症状减少不适为主。”ARTIs包括急性无并发症支气管炎、咽炎、鼻窦炎和感冒。CDC估计门诊抗生素的使用有一半是不必要的或不合时宜的。Dr Harris说:“抗生素的过度使用导致抗生素耐

美国内科医师协会(ACP)和疾病预防控制中心(CDC)联合发布了最新成人急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)抗生素使用临床指南。CDC的作者Dr Harris称:“除外明确的细菌感染如链球菌性咽炎或急性细菌性鼻窦炎,门诊不应该对急性呼吸道感染的成人使用抗生素,治疗应以缓解症状减少不适为主。”

ARTIs包括急性无并发症支气管炎、咽炎、鼻窦炎和感冒。CDC估计门诊抗生素的使用有一半是不必要的或不合时宜的。Dr Harris说:“抗生素的过度使用导致抗生素耐药性的蔓延,导致美国每年约有200万人患上抗生素耐药相关疾病以及23000例抗生素耐药相关死亡。此外抗生素的副作用也是患者急诊就诊的主要原因之一,大约每5名急诊患者中就有1名与抗生素使用有关。抗生素可引起严重不良反应包括过敏反应、艰难梭菌相关性腹泻、多药耐药菌相关的二重感染。这些不良事件导致的医疗费用超过300亿美元/年。新发布的指南针对门诊ARTIs患者抗生素的使用。”

支气管炎患者

除非怀疑肺炎,否则不使用抗生素治疗。对症治疗包括镇咳祛痰药、抗组胺药、减充血剂和β受体激动剂。

可疑A族链球菌感染患者

患者症状可疑A族链球菌咽炎(持续发烧、前颈淋巴结炎、扁桃体见分泌物等)应进行快速抗原检测试验和/或培养。只有对明确证实链球菌咽炎的患者才可以使用抗生素。

对喉咙痛的患者,医生应推荐患者使用镇痛药如阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚、非甾体类抗炎药,以及可以缓解症状的润喉糖等。同时告知患者喉咙痛通常持续不到1周,没有必要使用抗生素,并且抗生素副作用还很多,让患者放心。

急性鼻窦炎患者


急性鼻窦炎患者症状持续存在10天以上、有严重症状、温度高于39°C / 102.2°F、脓涕或面部疼痛持续至少3天、典型病毒症状持续5天后病情出现恶化等应进行抗生素治疗。

普通感冒患者

不应该使用抗生素治疗普通感冒。告诉患者症状常会持续存在2周左右,如果症状加重或持续时间过长应立即就诊。向患者解释对症治疗的优劣,告知患者没有必要使用抗生素治疗,指导患者进行对症治疗即可。

临床医生的处方权

应对处方权进行控制,使医生抗生素的使用更加合理,以减少不适当的抗生素处方,提高护理质量,降低医疗费用,保持抗生素的有效性。

ACP负责人Wayne J. Riley称“不合理的抗生素使用将导致耐药性的增加,导致公共健康威胁的加剧。减少ARTIs成人抗生素的使用,将提高医疗质量,降低医疗成本,并能减缓和/或预防抗生素耐药性的不断上升。”

为避免超级耐药菌的出现和减缓世界范围内的抗生素耐药情况,各行各业都应该作出努力。

科研人员积极探索抗生素耐药新机制,药厂研发新型抗生素,农业食品部门应限制并规范农畜抗生素使用。而一线临床医生应严格控制抗生素使用,遵循抗生素使用规范,完善相关科室的培训和规章制度。普通群众应遵循处方和疗程使用抗生素,不使用剩余抗生素,不与他人共用抗生素,预防感染要做到经常洗手,避免接触病人和及时接种所需疫苗。

普通群众对“抗生素耐药”一词仍缺乏正确的认知,经过媒体和电视的宣传对这个概念简单的理解就是医生乱开抗生素,然而,这一后果的带来好处是医生在面对患者出现不适症状时可告知相关抗生素使用风险,以对症治疗为主,而不像从前,甚至要在被患者逼迫的情况下开具没有必要的抗生素处方。看来,万事皆有利有弊啊。

药物的使用规范是临床永恒的话题,也是需要不断学习和更新知识储备的。梅斯将持续关注抗生素的使用和新发现,与临床医生共同进步,改善医疗质量。临床医生应重视自己临床决策的重要性,患者不知道的,医生有告知的义务,每一次的退让和无心之过都可能产生未知的风险。

原始出处:

Ann Intern Med.Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Published online January 19, 2016.

CDC, ACP Issue Guideline on Antibiotic Use for RTIs

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    2016-05-22 waiwai3042
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    2016-01-21 zhmscau
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    2016-01-19 忠诚向上

    好好学习

    0

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    2016-01-19 1de316a2m69(暂无匿称)

    值得学习

    0

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