“肝肾功能不全、孕妇儿童”用抗生素,需注意这些问题!

2015-12-18 佚名 医学之声

致谢来源:抗菌药物临床应用指导原则(2015版)  肾功能减退患者抗菌药物的应用 (一)基本原则 许多抗菌药物在人体内主要经肾排出,某些抗菌药物具有肾毒性,肾功能减退的感染患者应用抗菌药物的原则如下: 1.尽量避免使用肾毒性抗菌药物,确有应用指征时,严密监测肾功能情况。 2.根据感染的严重程度、病原菌种类及药敏试验结果等选用无肾毒性或

致谢来源:抗菌药物临床应用指导原则(2015版) 

肾功能减退患者抗菌药物的应用

(一)基本原则

许多抗菌药物在人体内主要经肾排出,某些抗菌药物具有肾毒性,肾功能减退的感染患者应用抗菌药物的原则如下:

1.尽量避免使用肾毒性抗菌药物,确有应用指征时,严密监测肾功能情况。

2.根据感染的严重程度、病原菌种类及药敏试验结果等选用无肾毒性或肾毒性较低的抗菌药物。

3.使用主要经肾排泄的药物,须根据患者肾功能减退程度以及抗菌药物在人体内清除途径调整给药剂量及方法。

(二)抗菌药物的选用及给药方案调整

根据抗菌药物体内过程特点及其肾毒性,肾功能减退时抗菌药物的选用有以下几种情况。

1.主要由肝胆系统排泄,或经肾脏和肝胆系统同时排出的抗菌药物用于肾功能减退者,维持原治疗量或剂量略减。

2.主要经肾排泄,药物本身并无肾毒性,或仅有轻度肾毒性的抗菌药物,肾功能减退者可应用,可按照肾功能减退程度(以内生肌酐清除率为准)调整给药方案。

3.肾毒性抗菌药物避免用于肾功能减退者,如确有指征使用该类药物时,宜进行血药浓度监测,据以调整给药方案,达到个体化给药,疗程中需严密监测患者肾功能。

4.接受肾脏替代治疗患者应根据腹膜透析、血液透析和血液滤过对药物的清除情况调整给药方案。

二、肝功能减退患者抗菌药物的应用

肝功能减退时,抗菌药物的选用及剂量调整需要考虑肝功能减退对该类药物体内过程的影响程度,以及肝功能减退时该类药物及其代谢物发生毒性反应的可能性。由于药物在肝脏代谢过程复杂,不少药物的体内代谢过程尚未完全阐明,根据现有资料,肝功能减退时抗菌药物的应用有以下几种情况。

(一)药物主要经肝脏或有相当量经肝脏清除或代谢,肝功能减退时清除减少,并可导致毒性反应的发生,肝功能减退患者应避免使用此类药物,如氯霉素、利福平、红霉素酯化物等。

(二)药物主要由肝脏清除,肝功能减退时清除明显减少,但并无明显毒性反应发生,肝病时仍可正常应用,但需谨慎,必要时减量给药,治疗过程中需严密监测肝功能。红霉素等大环内酯类(不包括酯化物)、克林霉素、林可霉素等属于此类。

(三)药物经肝、肾两途径清除,肝功能减退者药物清除减少,血药浓度升高,同时伴有肾功能减退的患者血药浓度升高尤为明显,但药物本身的毒性不大。严重肝病患者,尤其肝、肾功能同时减退的患者在使用此类药物时需减量应用。经肾、肝两途径排出的青霉素类、头孢菌素类等均属此种情况。

(四)药物主要由肾排泄,肝功能减退者不需调整剂量。氨基糖苷类、糖肽类抗菌药物等属此类。

三、老年患者抗菌药物的应用

由于老年人组织器官呈生理性退行性变,免疫功能下降,一旦罹患感染,在应用抗菌药物时需注意以下事项。

(一)老年人肾功能呈生理性减退,按一般常用量接受主要经肾排出的抗菌药物时,由于药物自肾排出减少,可导致药物在体内积蓄,血药浓度增高,易发生药物不良反应。因此老年患者,尤其是高龄患者接受主要自肾排出的抗菌药物时,可按轻度肾功能减退减量给药。青霉素类、头孢菌素类和其他β-内酰胺类的大多数品种即属此类情况。

(二)老年患者宜选用毒性低并具杀菌作用的抗菌药物,无用药禁忌者可首选青霉素类、头孢菌素类等β-内酰胺类抗菌药物。氨基糖苷类具有肾、耳毒性,应尽可能避免应用。万古霉素、去甲万古霉素、替考拉宁等药物应在有明确应用指征时慎用,必要时进行血药浓度监测,并据此调整剂量,使给药方案个体化,以达到用药安全、有效的目的。

四、新生儿患者抗菌药物的应用

新生儿期一些重要器官尚未完全发育成熟,在此期间其生长发育随日龄增加而迅速变化,因此新生儿感染使用抗菌药物时需注意以下事项。

(一)新生儿期肝、肾均未发育成熟,肝代谢酶的产生不足或缺乏,肾清除功能较差,因此新生儿感染时应避免应用毒性大的抗菌药物,包括主要经肾排泄的氨基糖苷类、万古霉素、去甲万古霉素等,以及主要经肝代谢的氯霉素等。确有应用指征时,需进行血药浓度监测,据此调整给药方案,个体化给药,以使治疗安全有效。

(二)新生儿期避免应用可能发生严重不良反应的抗菌药物。可影响新生儿生长发育的四环素类、喹诺酮类应避免应用,可导致脑性核黄疸及溶血性贫血的磺胺类药和呋喃类药应避免应用。

(三)新生儿期由于肾功能尚不完善,主要经肾排出的青霉素类、头孢菌素类等β-内酰胺类药物需减量应用,以防止药物在体内蓄积导致严重中枢神经系统毒性反应的发生。

(四)新生儿的组织器官日益成熟,抗菌药物在新生儿的药动学亦随日龄增长而变化,因此使用抗菌药物时应按日龄调整给药方案。

五、小儿患者抗菌药物的应用

小儿患者在应用抗菌药物时应注意以下几点。

(一)氨基糖苷类:该类药物有明显耳、肾毒性,小儿患者应避免应用。临床有明确应用指征且又无其他毒性低的抗菌药物可供选用时,方可选用该类药物,并在治疗过程中严密观察不良反应。有条件者应进行血药浓度监测,根据结果个体化给药。

(二)糖肽类:该类药有一定肾、耳毒性,小儿患者仅在有明确指征时方可选用。在治疗过程中应严密观察不良反应,有条件者应进行血药浓度监测,个体化给药。

(三)四环素类:可导致牙齿黄染及牙釉质发育不良,不可用于 8 岁以下小儿。

(四)喹诺酮类:由于对骨骼发育可能产生不良影响,该类药物避免用于 18 岁以下未成年人。

六、妊娠期和哺乳期患者抗菌药物的应用

(一)妊娠期患者抗菌药物的应用

妊娠期抗菌药物的应用需考虑药物对母体和胎儿两方面的影响。

1.对胎儿有致畸或明显毒性作用者,如利巴韦林,妊娠期禁用。

2.对母体和胎儿均有毒性作用者,如氨基糖苷类、四环素类等,妊娠期避免应用;但在有明确应用指征,经权衡利弊,用药时患者的受益大于可能的风险时,也可在严密观察下慎用。氨基糖苷类等抗菌药物有条件时应进行血药浓度监测。

3.药物毒性低,对胎儿及母体均无明显影响,也无致畸作用者,妊娠期感染时可选用。如青霉素类、头孢菌素类等β-内酰胺类抗菌药物。8美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)按照药物在妊娠期应用时的危险性分为 A、B、C、D 及 X 类,可供药物选用时参考。

(二)哺乳期患者抗菌药物的应用

哺乳期患者接受抗菌药物后,某些药物可自乳汁分泌,通常母乳中药物含量不高,不超过哺乳期患者每日用药量的 1%;少数药物乳汁中分泌量较高,如氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、大环内酯类、氯霉素、磺胺甲噁唑、甲氧苄啶、甲硝唑等。青霉素类、头孢菌素类等β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类等在乳汁中含量低。然而无论乳汁中药物浓度如何,均存在对乳儿潜在的影响,并可能出现不良反应,如氨基糖苷类可导致乳儿听力减退,氯霉素可致乳儿骨髓抑制,磺胺甲噁唑等可致核黄疸和溶血性贫血,四环素类可致乳齿黄染,青霉素类可致过敏反应等。因此治疗哺乳期患者时应避免用氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、四环素类、氯霉素、磺胺药等。哺乳期患者应用任何抗菌药物时,均宜暂停哺乳。

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    2016-02-05 yese
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    2016-01-08 andruhn

    好东西,值得分享,学习了!

    0

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    2016-01-02 xyfg98

    还是尽量少用或不用抗生素

    0

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    2015-12-29 xyfg98

    赞一个

    0

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