Cell:免疫疗法不起效的难题,竟能靠化疗药物解决

2017-06-28 佚名 药明康德

肿瘤免疫疗法是近年来的一大抗癌突破。2013年,它曾被《科学》杂志评为年度突破。今年,美国临床肿瘤医师学会(ASCO)也将它评选为年度进展。这一被人寄予厚望的突破性疗法,在患者身上取得了堪称奇迹的治疗效果:一些原本已病入膏肓的晚期癌症病人,在接受免疫疗法后,肿瘤竟然完全消失,而且终身未复发。可以说,它的出现彻底改变了人类对癌症治疗的认识。

肿瘤免疫疗法是近年来的一大抗癌突破。2013年,它曾被《科学》杂志评为年度突破。今年,美国临床肿瘤医师学会(ASCO)也将它评选为年度进展。这一被人寄予厚望的突破性疗法,在患者身上取得了堪称奇迹的治疗效果:一些原本已病入膏肓的晚期癌症病人,在接受免疫疗法后,肿瘤竟然完全消失,而且终身未复发。可以说,它的出现彻底改变了人类对癌症治疗的认识。


▲肿瘤免疫疗法曾被《科学》评为年度突破(图片来源:《科学》)

然而,这种疗法却有一个天生的短板——并非所有患者都能从治疗中受益。尽管部分患者在免疫疗法的帮助下能近乎取得“痊愈”,但这些患者占全体患者比例不到一半。如何让免疫疗法帮助到更多患者,也就成了科研人员关心的重点。今日,顶尖学术期刊《细胞》在线刊登了一篇重量级的研究论文,为这一问题的解决提供了新思路。这篇论文不但发现了一条关键的T细胞调控通路,还意外发现一款化疗药物竟能对免疫疗法起到促进作用。

在介绍这篇论文前,我们先来看看免疫系统如何对抗肿瘤。在人体中,T细胞是免疫系统的卫士,有能力识别肿瘤表面的抗原,并对肿瘤造成杀伤。但这些卫士也有着自己的缺陷。首先,肿瘤能用PD-L1和PD-L2等蛋白来结合T细胞表面的PD-1受体,麻痹T细胞,使它们无法发挥正常的杀伤作用。其次,再勇猛的战士,也有精疲力尽的那一刻,T细胞也不例外。在接触了大量肿瘤抗原后,这些T细胞会发生“衰竭”,战斗力大打折扣。


▲抑制PD-1/PD-L1通路的新药,有望抑制肿瘤生长(图片来源:《细胞》)

对于前一个问题,研发人员已经开发出了多种针对PD-1/PD-L1通路的新药,防止T细胞被肿瘤麻痹,并让它们保持活性,抑制肿瘤生长。而关于后一个问题,目前我们还没有成熟的解决方案。

“在临床上,解决T细胞衰竭的价值是巨大的。因为当患者被诊断出患有肿瘤时,这些肿瘤往往已经在他们的体内出现好几个月了,”这项研究的负责人Ben Youngblood教授说道:“因此,他们体内的T细胞也已经暴露在充满肿瘤抗原的环境里很久了。这意味着这些T细胞很有可能已经发生了衰竭,导致目前的免疫疗法不起效。”

那么,这些T细胞究竟发生了什么,才让它们变得衰竭呢?为了回答这个问题,研究人员从先前的科学文献中寻找思路。他们发现,在T细胞从“na?ve阶段”到“effector阶段”,会发生基因组层面上的甲基化修饰。那么,在T细胞从“effector阶段”到衰竭阶段,是否也会发生类似的修饰呢?研究人员设计了一个快速的实验——他们获取了两种不同的T细胞,一种是野生型,另一种则发生了突变,无法进行甲基化修饰。后续的实验发现,那些无法进行甲基化的突变T细胞,果真更不容易发生衰竭。随后,通过另一项实验,他们也确认发生衰竭的野生型T细胞里,甲基化的程度要更高。这些结果表明,T细胞的衰竭过程中,可能存在一种全新的甲基化机制。

▲无法进行甲基化的突变T细胞(红色)更不容易出现T细胞衰竭(图片来源:《细胞》)

这里再介绍一下甲基化。甲基化是表观遗传学研究中的一个经典修饰途径,它能直接作用于基因,决定它是“开启”还是“关闭”。换句话说,一些基因在经过了甲基化的修饰后会失去作用,即便基因序列没有发生改变。

不幸的是,这些甲基化修饰在T细胞中,竟然是可以“遗传”的。研究人员发现,这些甲基化修饰可以在T细胞中存在数代!难怪那些衰竭了的T细胞的后代,也失去了祖辈们原有的战斗力。

“我们猜想说表观遗传影响了T细胞的活力,但我们没有想到,它造成的影响居然如此深远!” Youngblood教授说道:“我们真的吓了一跳。”

既然找到了T细胞衰竭的原因,研究人员下一步要寻找的,就是解决这一问题,激活T细胞的方法。自然而然,他们想到的是“去甲基化”的药物,而一款化疗药物引起了研究人员们的注意。这款药物叫做decitabine(缩写为DAC),本身能抑制核酸合成,也曾被用于白血病的治疗。有趣的是,在接受这款化疗药物治疗后的小鼠体内,T细胞的衰竭情况得到了缓解。研究人员们也确认,decitabine还有抑制甲基化的功能。

▲抑制甲基化的DAC与免疫检查点抑制剂联合使用(蓝色),可显着提高T细胞活性(图片来源:《细胞》)

后续的研究发现,当抑制甲基化的decitabine,与能够激活T细胞的免疫检查点抑制剂共同使用后,能显着改善T细胞的衰竭情况。Youngblood教授说:“我们发现这种疗法能够逆转T细胞的衰竭状态。”

这项研究对于肿瘤免疫疗法也许有重要的意义。由于这两类甲基化抑制剂和免疫检查点抑制剂均已上市,研究人员有望直接将它们应用于提高T细胞的活性上。当然,这项研究成果还需要在人类的体系中得到验证,才能走上临床。但至少,我们看到了一个富有希望的新方向。

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2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=216281, encodeId=18b621628129, content=学习了,肿瘤免疫疗法有效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jun 28 09:54:01 CST 2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-04 日月生辉

    这化疗药一举二得,值得推广'!

    0

  4. 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2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=216281, encodeId=18b621628129, content=学习了,肿瘤免疫疗法有效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jun 28 09:54:01 CST 2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-28 人间可客

    学习了,谢谢分享。

    0

  7. 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2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=216281, encodeId=18b621628129, content=学习了,肿瘤免疫疗法有效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jun 28 09:54:01 CST 2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-28 依way

    免疫疗法的发展希望能带来更大的治疗效果

    0

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2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=216281, encodeId=18b621628129, content=学习了,肿瘤免疫疗法有效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jun 28 09:54:01 CST 2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-28 ylzr123

    认真学习,把间接经验应用到临床实践中去,然后再总结出新思路。给点赞啦

    0

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2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=216281, encodeId=18b621628129, content=学习了,肿瘤免疫疗法有效。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jun 28 09:54:01 CST 2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-06-28 135****7952平儿

    学了。。。。。。。。。

    0

  10. 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    2017-06-28 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    学习了,肿瘤免疫疗法有效。

    0

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