Science综述:CRISPR-Cas9系统的历史和未来

2014-12-03 王英 生物通

用RNA指导的CRISPR-Cas9系统的动物和植物基因组工程,正在改变着生物学。与其他基因工程工具相比,这种技术更容易使用,并且更有效,因此,在其发现后的短短几年内,就已经被应用于世界各地的实验室。2014年11月28日,著名的 Science 杂志发表综述文章,描述了这种系统的快速采用和发展历史。这篇综述是由CRISPR-Cas9系统的发明者、亥姆霍兹感染研究中心(HZI)教授、德国汉诺威医学

用RNA指导的CRISPR-Cas9系统的动物和植物基因组工程,正在改变着生物学。与其他基因工程工具相比,这种技术更容易使用,并且更有效,因此,在其发现后的短短几年内,就已经被应用于世界各地的实验室。2014年11月28日,著名的 Science 杂志发表综述文章,描述了这种系统的快速采用和发展历史。

这篇综述是由CRISPR-Cas9系统的发明者、亥姆霍兹感染研究中心(HZI)教授、德国汉诺威医学院和Umeå 大学的Emmanuelle Charpentier博士和美国加州大学伯克利分校的Jennifer Doudna教授共同撰写。

许多疾病是由一个人DNA(组成基因的字母编码)的改变造成。一个基因中确定的字母顺序通常编码一种蛋白质。蛋白质是人体的“劳动力”,负责保持身体运转所需的几乎所有过程。当一个基因发生改变,其蛋白质产物可能就失去其正常功能,可能会导致疾病。HZI研究部门“Regulation in Infection Biology”主任Emmanuelle Charpentier教授指出:“因此,对基因组做出位点特异性改变,是阻止或治疗这些疾病一种有趣的方法。”因此,自从DNA结构被发现以来,研究人员一直都在寻找一种方式来替换遗传密码。

第一种技术,如锌指核酸酶和合成核酸,称为TALENs,是一个起点,但是被证明比较昂贵,对于初学者比较难以操作。Charpentier说:“现有的技术都依赖于蛋白质作为地址标签,为任何新变化定制新蛋白以引入DNA,是一个繁琐的过程。”在2012年,她在Umeå大学工作的时候,描述了现在正在彻底改变基因工程的技术:CRISPR-Cas9系统。

这种系统基于细菌和古细菌的免疫系统,但是在实验室也是有价值的。CRISPR是成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列,而Cas仅仅代表CRISPR相关的蛋白质。Charpentier说:“最初,我们发现了一种新的RNA,即tracrRNA,与CRISPR-Cas9系统相关,相关研究结果我们于2011年发表在Nature杂志。我感到兴奋的是,我实验室的Krzysztof Chylinski随后证实了一个长期的想法:Cas9是与两种RNA一起使用的一种酶。”

同时,该系统具有检测遗传编码内特定字母序列以及在特定位置切割DNA的能力。在这一过程中,Cas9蛋白起剪刀的作用,RNA小片段起地址标签的作用,确保切割发生在正确的位置。通过与Martin Jinek和Jennifer Doudna合作,该系统可以被简化,将其用作一种通用的技术。现在,用户只需要更换此RNA的序列,就能靶定基因组中几乎任何的序列。

在2012年描述CRISPR-Cas9的一般能力之后,在2013年初,有研究表明它能够像在细菌中那样,有效地作用于人类细胞。从那时起,来自世界各地的研究人员一直都大肆炒作这个新的研究领域,提出这种新工具可以用于许多新的领域。可能的应用包括:从开发基因突变所致遗传疾病的新疗法,将CRISPR-Cas系统用于抗菌“基因疗法”,到改变未来农业研究的步伐和过程,Cell子刊:基因编辑水果即将来临?,一直到开发可能的新方法抗击艾滋病毒HIV,用CRISPR编辑HPV基因杀死宫颈癌细胞。

Charpentier表示:“CRISPR-Cas9系统已经突破了界限,使基因工程技术更加的通用、有效和容易。它的应用似乎真的没有什么限制。”

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    2016-01-10 lyh994

    的确是里程碑的发现!

    0

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    2014-12-05 yuandd
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=55505, encodeId=ea74555052d, content=的确是里程碑的发现!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=145, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Sun Jan 10 10:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275819, encodeId=74e912e581986, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Fri Dec 05 08:18:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1360414, encodeId=becf1360414d3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=99e5521532' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5215, encryptionId=99e5521532, topicName=CRISPR-Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Fri Dec 05 08:18:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1364976, encodeId=c2e813649e6e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3f66412ebd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4127, encryptionId=3f66412ebd, topicName=Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Fri Dec 05 08:18:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1374963, encodeId=504713e4963f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2949159989d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCIE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15998, encryptionId=2949159989d, topicName=SCIE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=17a3387, createdName=jichang, createdTime=Fri Dec 05 08:18:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455249, encodeId=e595145524982, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8452137f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5213, encryptionId=ce8452137f, topicName=CRISPR-Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e8505649833, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Fri Dec 05 08:18:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1526169, encodeId=b35e15261699f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84d03692056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#历史#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36920, encryptionId=84d03692056, topicName=历史)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=131011702315, createdName=cathymary, createdTime=Fri Dec 05 08:18:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624730, encodeId=10f21624e3016, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Fri Dec 05 08:18:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-12-05 respect
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    2014-12-05 jichang
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    2014-12-05 cathymary
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    2014-12-05 yaanren

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