科学家深入了解毁灭性肌肉萎缩症致病机理

2015-12-30 红枫 中国科学报

恶病质是疗养机构常见的一种病症,比如图中法国普都市的这个病例。图片来源:Voisin 如果可以重来一次,我不会再把时间花费在西米布丁上,而是会花更多时间告诉妻子我爱她 作为一名疗养研究员,Susan McClement曾和很多弥留之际的癌症患者及其家人交流过,他们的一些故事深深地印刻在她的脑海中。一名男子的妻子因受转移性乳腺癌的折磨而极为憔 悴,他于是强迫妻子进食,当她


恶病质是疗养机构常见的一种病症,比如图中法国普都市的这个病例。图片来源:Voisin

如果可以重来一次,我不会再把时间花费在西米布丁上,而是会花更多时间告诉妻子我爱她

作为一名疗养研究员,Susan McClement曾和很多弥留之际的癌症患者及其家人交流过,他们的一些故事深深地印刻在她的脑海中。一名男子的妻子因受转移性乳腺癌的折磨而极为憔 悴,他于是强迫妻子进食,当她张嘴的时候捏住她的鼻子,把食物一勺一勺往嘴里灌。他认为这样做能够让她获得抵抗癌症的力量,他每日的探病都变成了与死亡之 间的拉锯战。然而,他的妻子依然在数周后去世了。

在加拿大曼托尼巴大学工作的McClement表示,营养冲突是让很多患者亲属感到后悔的事情。“他们说,‘你知道,如果可以重来一次,我不会再把时间花费在西米布丁上,而是会花更多时间告诉妻子我爱她。’”McClement说。

被忽视的恶病质


这个病例中的女患者罹患的是恶病质,这种病影响到全球近900万名患者,其中80%的人是晚期癌症患者。该病的显著特征之一是体重严重下降和肌肉萎缩的, 使患者日常行动困难,增加感染等致命并发症的风险。补充能量并不能逆转恶病质,McClement说,这种紊乱有时会引发家庭成员的极端反应,因为该病会 让家人亲眼目睹他们最担心的事情。“它会经常提醒他们,患者的病情永远不会好转。”

恶病质被认为是很多严重慢性疾病最后阶段的症状,影响到16%~42%的心脏病患者,30%的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)患者以及60%的肾病患者。但是长期以来,该病一直遭到忽视,因为医生和研究人员把注意力集中在主要疾病上。

现在,科学家把恶病质看作一种特殊的、可治疗的病症。基础研究已经揭示了该病如何受炎症和代谢失衡驱动,并且还进行了药物靶向实验,德国哥廷根大学医学中 心心脏病专家和恶病质专家Stefan Anker说。“现在我们有很多有效的测试。”他说,而且这种情况已经得到了希望减轻患者痛苦的药物研发者的重视,可能给患者提供取消化疗或手术的机遇。

过去两年来,一些引人瞩目的临床试验已经产生了令人沮丧的研究结果,使这个相对年轻的领域得以反省。“我有点担心,如果未来5年不能做出成功的临床试验, 制药行业的投资将会转移到别的地方。”美国得克萨斯州休斯顿迈克尔·e·德贝基退伍军人医疗中心临床研究专家Jose Garcia说,“我认为那将会错失良机。”

恶病质一词来源于希腊语,意思是“糟糕的状态”。据认为,希腊名医希波克拉底是该病症的发现者,然而直到2006年,恶病质领域才开始形成正规的定义,其 中包括12个月内体重减少5%或更多以及肌肉力量减少等。在临床上,该病仍待肿瘤学家进一步认识,弗吉尼亚联邦大学疗养医师与研究人员Egidio Del Fabbro说,当前该病仍没有标准的疗法。

过去10年,在美国国家癌症研究所和其他倡议组织的资助下,研究人员在了解恶病质的产生原因方面已经作出了许多进展。国际会议和研究期刊也鼓舞着该领域的研究兴趣。

体能严重损耗

现在,研究人员已经清楚,恶病质背后的一个关键机制是肌肉蛋白日益耗损,同时还会抑制新蛋白合成,从而导致总体肌肉损失。2001年的成果开启了这一领域 的研究,研究人员发现了在肌肉萎缩的啮齿类动物中存在的一些比普通动物更加活跃的基因,这些基因会编码一种叫作E3泛素连接酶的酶类,这种酶和细胞中的破 坏性蛋白存在关联。体内没有这种酶的小鼠对肌肉损耗具有抵抗力。

当肌肉细胞接触到一些特定肿瘤的炎症信号或是对癌症或其他疾病产生应答的免疫细胞的炎症信号时,它们似乎会产生更多连接酶。细胞凋亡的异常以及肌肉细胞内生成能量的细胞器的异常也与该病存在关联。

一些制药商已经向肌肉生长抑制蛋白发起进攻。2010年的一项研究让很多人对一种潜在的恶病质治疗药物产生了兴趣,加州千橡市安进生物技术公司的研究人员表示,他们能够逆转肌肉损失,延长罹患肿瘤和恶病质的小鼠的生命,其方法是阻止肌肉生长抑制素通道的信号。

从那时起,研究表明,恶病质并不仅是一种肌肉性疾病。研究已经分辨出大脑调节食欲和进食的问题,甚至是肝脏可能产生能量失衡的问题,从而让肌体不断燃烧自 身的组织支撑其能量供应。有一些研究把目标指向脂肪组织,恶病质也会导致脂肪日益减少。研究人员发现,由肿瘤产生的炎症和分子能够导致白脂肪细胞转化为棕 色脂肪细胞,该细胞会比白色脂肪细胞燃烧更多能量,以提供热量。现在,研究人员正在设法解决的问题是肌肉、大脑、脂肪甚至骨骼等人体组织和器官之间如何沟 通。近日发表的一篇论文表明,脂肪信号可能会参与肌萎缩。

近年来,这些研究已经让越来越多的生物技术和制药公司参与到恶病质相关的会议中,哥伦比亚俄亥俄州立大学细胞生物学家Denis Guttridge说,他曾参与组织相关会议。“对于一名像我一样的基础科学家来说,这是令人振奋的好消息。”他说,“我可以看到越来越多的人加入这一领 域。”

药物仍是真空

尽管实验室进展令人兴奋,但目前临床研究结果仍然让人灰心。2011年,田纳西州孟菲斯市生物技术公司GTx发起了一项针对药物enobosarm的两期 临床试验,评估在肿瘤患者中应用选择性雄激素受体调节剂enobosarm对减缓肌肉萎缩发生的有效性和安全性。已有的小规模研究结果展现出良好前景:服 用该药物的患者增加了瘦素,提高了身体功能,从其爬楼速度上可以看到疗效。但是针对晚期肺癌患者的药物大型测验表明,该药物的功能消失了。为此,GTx公 司放弃了肌肉耗损研究,随后对大剂量enobosarm治疗乳腺癌进行了检测。

此外,还有两篇尚未发表的研究是在肺癌和恶病质患者中进行的阿拉莫林药物测试,这种药物模仿胃饥饿素(一种主要由胃生成的刺激食欲的肽激素),该实验由瑞 士卢加诺制药公司Helsinn赞助,据称和对照组患者相比,参与该药物治疗的受试者体重和肌肉量都有所增加,但是握力却并未增强。该公司近日称,欧洲药 品管理局正在审查该药。

目前,很多都在讨论这些试验为什么没能表现出功能性提升。一些研究人员说,这些团队没有利用临床上与肌肉功能最具关联性的措施。“我们不知道,什么才是最 好的测试方法。”Garcia说,“如果你每秒能够爬更多的楼梯,这意味着什么呢?”实验设计是一个现实问题,Anker说:“我们需要就治疗的目的达成 共识。”

另一个问题是,恶病质研究的动物实验数据可能不适用于人类。通过观察人体样本,一些研究设法把在啮齿类动物中发现的机制引入人体治疗中,加拿大阿尔伯塔大学肌萎缩临床专家Vickie Baracos说:“但是必须严格审查,因为这些临床证据经常过于粗略。”

该领域的研究人员面临的一个问题是人体数据和临床样本缺乏。Baracos说,仍然需要长时间跟踪恶病质患者,采集血液样本和肌肉样本。“建立恶病质生物数据库至关重要。”她说。

可能该领域的最大问题是缺乏经费以及和其他严重疾病之间的激烈经费竞争,Anker说。“恶病质仍在和癌症、心脏病等疾病一起竞争大公司的内部资源。”他说。鲜少有公司设立恶病质研究组或是研究部门,GTx停止其肌萎缩研究,部分原因是因为投资者似乎对仅针对恶病质而不是癌症的治疗方法缺乏兴趣,该公司副总裁Mary Ann Johnston说。

一种有效的疗法可能会给当前的局面带来改革,Garcia说。它可能激励医生和患者及其家人进一步沟通,交流恶病质带来的困扰。由于没有治疗该病的手段,很多医生不能解决这些困难。当前治疗方法的真空状态令人烦恼。

对于McClement来说,她还在与更多恶病质患者及其家人进行沟通。她希望找到帮助他们抵抗该疾病的更好方法。考虑到当前仍未有任何药物干预措施,心理干预显得非常重要,她说:“这是我们唯一能做的。”

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    2016-01-16 chendoc252
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    2015-12-31 wzf990214

    赞一个

    0

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    2015-12-31 wzf990214

    不错哦

    0

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    2015-12-30 lu2996

    学习中

    0

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    2015-12-30 lu2996

    还是能给临床启发

    0

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    2015-12-30 忠诚向上

    好好学习一下

    0

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