CELL:微生物区系对宿主生理的影响

2021-05-24 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

Jennifer H. Hill等在CELL杂志发文描述了身体的主要器官系统,并基于无菌和非生物动物研究总结了导致器官系统疾病的体内平衡缺陷。

微生物群居住在所有环境暴露的身体表面,包括皮肤,口腔,肺,生殖和泌尿道;然而,微生物密度和多样性最大的是胃肠道。尽管它位于表面,但现在人们认识到,微生物群影响哺乳动物身体所有系统的发育和功能,具有局部和系统的影响。与人类共生的微生物在大脑、小肠和胰腺等许多系统稳态发展中扮演了一个重要的角色,它可以调节小胶质细胞等组织细胞的发展,肠道上皮细胞,分别或β细胞。微生物群的破坏扰乱了这些稳态过程,并可能导致器官特异性疾病。直到最近才确定了特定的微生物及其对哺乳动物宿主的作用机制,突出了可以对多个器官系统产生多效性影响的共同分子。这项工作引出了一些新的主题,即宿主从它们的微生物中受益。Jennifer H. Hill等在CELL杂志发文描述了身体的主要器官系统,并基于无菌和非生物动物研究总结了导致器官系统疾病的体内平衡缺陷。在许多情况下,微生物群的特定成员可以增强某个过程,而其它成员可以抑制它。重要的是,这些疾病中有许多是由于健康的宿主-微生物相互作用的损失或不平衡造成的,这说明了这些途径对整体健康的普遍重要性。

屏障功能

微生物群产生的因子增强上皮内紧密连接,增加黏液,刺激伤口修复,并促进干细胞增殖。屏障功能降低导致微生物或其产物的泄漏,这些微生物或其产物可以不适当地进入全身部位,改变炎症环境。

免疫调节

来自微生物群的特定微生物产生代谢物或在其表面表达分子,可以指导炎症或耐受免疫途径。它们可以作用于这些微生物居住的局部部位,如皮肤、肠道、肺和口腔,或对大脑、淋巴结、心脏或胰腺产生系统性影响。

定植抗力

微生物群可防止有害微生物的定植,这些有害微生物可通过产生毒素或有害代谢物或使用营养物质导致或加剧疾病。

发育

常驻微生物可以产生直接影响各种组织中细胞发育和功能的分子。这适用于骨髓和胸腺中的免疫细胞,以及胰腺、肠道、大脑等的非免疫细胞。

微生物产物经常影响宿主过程

外膜成分

一些最常见的微生物成分存在于它们的外膜和细胞壁中。这些常见的分子经常与宿主组织直接接触,是肠道中最丰富的微生物产品之一。例如,肽聚糖(peptidoglycan, PGN)是所有细菌膜的通用成分,激活许多免疫信号通路。同样,脂多糖(LPS)是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁的主要组成部分,是一种有效的系统免疫激活剂。鞭毛素也在许多不同的细菌分类中广泛表达,具有高度的免疫刺激作用。然而,这些分子也可以促进免疫耐受和发育。例如,共生脆弱B. fragillis中发现的荚膜多聚糖A (PSA)对平衡肠道中的免疫细胞群非常重要。这些有点无处不在的分子,以及许多没有提到的其它分子,通常被多个宿主组织上的toll样受体识别,并在局部和系统上调节宿主生理。

代谢产物

一个多样和健康的微生物群产生丰富的代谢物,这些代谢物对宿主信号传导过程有许多不同的影响。影响深远的主要有三种代谢物:短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)、次生胆汁酸和色氨酸代谢物。发酵膳食纤维产生脂肪酸醋酸酯、丁酸酯和丙酸酯。SCFAs通常会促进宿主的有益结果,如减少肥胖和糖尿病、致耐受性免疫,甚至大脑发育。一些细菌可以代谢从肝脏分泌到肠道的胆汁酸。这些次生胆汁酸可对宿主产生一系列影响,最显著的是对影响代谢稳态和肝-肠疾病轴的内分泌信号的影响。色氨酸的代谢产物,如吲哚,可以影响炎症、神经递质表达、屏障功能和激素分泌。

新产物

共生菌群产生的大多数遗传物质编码了假定的具有目前未知功能的蛋白质,有时被称为遗传暗物质。高通量斑马鱼模型已被证明在挖掘微生物暗物质方面特别有效,揭示了分别调节中性粒细胞活性和β细胞增殖的细菌分泌蛋白AimABefA。继续研究这种新型生物材料的来源,肯定会发现许多新的宿主健康调节剂。

原文出处

Hill JH, Round JL. SnapShot: Microbiota effects on host physiology. Cell. 2021;184(10):2796-2796.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.026

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    2021-08-25 维他命
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    2021-05-29 Mercury_Asa

    学到了

    0

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    2021-05-26 wincls
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    2021-05-24 ms7000000595973253

    学习到了

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