众说:医院提高医疗质量却受罚?奥巴马医改槽点越来越多

2015-10-27 刘宇 健康界

奥巴马医改中的“价值为基础的报销”并没有让最需要财务帮助的“安全网医院”受益,反而可能让其雪上加霜。 “以价值为基础的报销”的核心之一是把患者在医院接受医疗服务的价值指标化、数据化。政府在收集数据、比较数据的基础上对于“绩效”好的医院给予奖励,“绩效”不好的医院给予惩罚。“以价值为基础的报销”的一部分初衷是为了提高部分医院的“绩效”,希望利用这种财务激励的手段让医院为患者提供更高的医疗服务质

奥巴马医改中的“价值为基础的报销”并没有让最需要财务帮助的“安全网医院”受益,反而可能让其雪上加霜。

“以价值为基础的报销”的核心之一是把患者在医院接受医疗服务的价值指标化、数据化。政府在收集数据、比较数据的基础上对于“绩效”好的医院给予奖励,“绩效”不好的医院给予惩罚。“以价值为基础的报销”的一部分初衷是为了提高部分医院的“绩效”,希望利用这种财务激励的手段让医院为患者提供更高的医疗服务质量。往往政府认为这些“医疗质量”欠缺的医院为“安全网医院”。

那么,什么是美国的“安全网医院”?虽然对于“安全网医院”没有严格的定义,美国“安全网医院”特指医院服务的患者人群大部分是低保、无保险、或美国救助保险(Medicaid)的医院。“安全网医院”与医院的属性、所有制结构、以及是否为教学医院无关,完全决定于医院本身服务的患者人群。与“非安全网医院”相比,“安全网医院”更可能是教学医院。

学者用更加定量的方式定义哪些医院属于“安全网医院”。其中两个重要的指标是“老年保险收入不成比例指标”(Medicare Disproportionate Share)和“老年保险不报销服务数额”(Medicare Uncompensated Care)。由于以上两个指标的计算和使用过于学术,我们在本文中不予过多的介绍。总而言之,学者和政府决定医院是否为“安全网医院”的依据就是这家医院内是否大部分收入来自低收入、低保、无保险人群。所以,反过来看,“安全网医院”承担者绝大多数低保、低收入或者无保险人群的医疗服务,这也是“安全网医院”名称的由来。

奥巴马医改对于医院财务冲击最大的就是“安全网医院”。奥巴马医改在医院收入方面对于“安全网医院”的影响主要来自两个方面。首先,“安全网医院”受到影响的是付款方式。在医改前,“安全网医院”如果为无保险人群服务,则可以收到政府对于服务的补贴。但奥巴马医改的一个主要目标就是为每个无保人购买保险,“安全网医院”也就不能再得到政府对于这些无保人群服务的补贴,而是得到这些服务的基本保险报销。许多研究表明,“安全网医院”为新加入保险的人群提供服务获得的报销金额比医改前获得的政府补贴要少。

医改对于“安全网医院”第二大影响就是“以价值为基础的报销”。虽然“以价值为基础的报销”名义上一视同仁,所有医院都在一个起跑线上竞争,但由于历史原因,在“安全网医院”就医的患者往往贫穷,社会经济地位较低,教育背景也较差,这些因素都影响着“以价值为基础的报销”的指标。

通常“安全网医院”的“流程指标”成绩较差,“患者经历指标”成绩也较差,但是“结果指标”却成绩相同,甚至好于“非安全网医院”。在2013年和2014年,流程指标和结果指标分别占“以价值为基础的报销”指标比重的100%和75%。从2015年开始,两个指标的影响降低到50%。这也在一个侧面证明医院流程指标不能直接反映最终的诊疗结果。艾默里公共卫生学院的贝克教授和他的团队研究发现,按照前文阐述的学者定义“安全网医院”的两种方法,“安全网医院”将承受18,400美金或12,348美金的处罚,非“安全网医院”则收到5,491美金或3,974美金的奖励。

除了上述的“流程指标”,“结果指标”和“患者经历指标”外,涵盖“重新入院率”指标的“重新入院率减少项目”也是“以价值为基础的报销”的一部分。学者对于安全网医院受到“重新入院率减少项目”的影响顾虑更大。对于“重新入院率减少项目”的计算虽然调整了“疾病的严重程度”,但是没有调整“社会经济情况”。“社会经济情况”与患者出院后居住、康复、营养、和健康状况密不可分。所以,许多学者坚信在计算“重新入院率减少项目”时,应该把“社会经济情况”考虑在内,否则就相当于对于服务于穷人的医院进行不公平的惩罚。同样的,贝克教授和他的团队也计算评估“重新入院率”对于“安全网医院”的影响,发现在上述两种不同的定义下,“安全网医院”比较非“安全网医院”可能多付出28,200美金或80,900美金的罚款。

患者的收入、社会经济基础、教育背景和素质往往可能决定这个患者对于医院的满意度的影响(也就是医院的“患者经历指标”),以及出院后康复和健康等因素造成的“重新入院率”。在考虑使用指标对于医院进行奖赏或者惩罚的时候,政策制定者不仅仅需要考虑这些指标是否全面地反应医疗质量和患者获得的价值,更要考虑到这些指标和标准是否会受到医院患者疾病轻重程度、社会经济情况、教育背景和文化程度的影响。往往如果医院的患者大部分为疾病较重、收入低、教育文化较低的患者,医院本身就肩负着为这些处在社会底层的人群进行医疗服务的重任。这些患者可能不能对于医院的财务收入贡献很多。如果政策还由于医院为这些患者提供服务而对于医院进行处罚,一方面会进一步恶化这些医院的财政收入,另一方面可能造成医院不希望继续接收贫穷患者。

美国学者的研究都发现,奥巴马“价值为基础的报销”并没有让最需要财务帮助的“安全网医院”受益,反而可能让“安全网医院”雪上加霜。无论是对医院的奖励还是对医院的惩罚,奥巴马医改“以价值为基础的报销”的根本目的都是希望提高医疗质量,那么“以价值为基础的报销”是否真的提高医疗质量呢?敬请关注下期。

(刘宇,美国耶鲁大学医院管理学硕士。)

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1665525, encodeId=c595166552530, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=402944539ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#奥巴马#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44539, encryptionId=402944539ec, topicName=奥巴马)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=892925968879, createdName=ms6127405442416114, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 03:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1994188, encodeId=673b1994188e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=681144541dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#奥巴马医改#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44541, encryptionId=681144541dd, topicName=奥巴马医改)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19c567, createdName=habb, createdTime=Sat Jan 02 19:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62638, encodeId=3e7d62638f9, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 22:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1822229, encodeId=db5a182222943, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=099810223988' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高医疗质量#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102239, encryptionId=099810223988, topicName=高医疗质量)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Sat Feb 27 03:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1286531, encodeId=29c01286531bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebac3442063' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医改#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34420, encryptionId=ebac3442063, topicName=医改)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 02:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1310322, encodeId=5a531310322de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef29351686f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗质量#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35168, encryptionId=ef29351686f, topicName=医疗质量)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ca5383, createdName=bbjsj_1979, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 02:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41706, encodeId=d53741e063f, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 09:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41499, encodeId=ce884149923, content=涉及到医改,没有无槽点的,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201205/e96b3d935daf4e258fba69d60175f0ab/b6d3ee4a3a414b8eafaf7c5e905937a2.jpg, createdBy=ad4b83208, createdName=vpssa, createdTime=Tue Oct 27 13:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-01 收获你的美

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1665525, encodeId=c595166552530, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=402944539ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#奥巴马#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44539, encryptionId=402944539ec, topicName=奥巴马)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=892925968879, createdName=ms6127405442416114, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 03:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1994188, encodeId=673b1994188e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=681144541dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#奥巴马医改#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44541, encryptionId=681144541dd, topicName=奥巴马医改)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19c567, createdName=habb, createdTime=Sat Jan 02 19:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=62638, encodeId=3e7d62638f9, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KwlM29ic8TDJMJOiarryMIZZhTjXxyRT9lffSWpWWcWojnL7ibJwcOn99ayict8FJ9ICYmNh9swD6R4E/0, createdBy=196f1683049, createdName=收获你的美, createdTime=Mon Feb 01 22:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1822229, encodeId=db5a182222943, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=099810223988' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高医疗质量#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102239, encryptionId=099810223988, topicName=高医疗质量)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=322359, createdName=bioon3, createdTime=Sat Feb 27 03:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1286531, encodeId=29c01286531bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebac3442063' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医改#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34420, encryptionId=ebac3442063, topicName=医改)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 02:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1310322, encodeId=5a531310322de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef29351686f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医疗质量#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35168, encryptionId=ef29351686f, topicName=医疗质量)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ca5383, createdName=bbjsj_1979, createdTime=Thu Oct 29 02:06:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41706, encodeId=d53741e063f, content=赞, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=111, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b911658392, createdName=梦想天空, createdTime=Wed Oct 28 09:04:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=41499, encodeId=ce884149923, content=涉及到医改,没有无槽点的,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201205/e96b3d935daf4e258fba69d60175f0ab/b6d3ee4a3a414b8eafaf7c5e905937a2.jpg, createdBy=ad4b83208, createdName=vpssa, createdTime=Tue Oct 27 13:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2015-10-29 tidiq
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    2015-10-28 梦想天空

    0

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    2015-10-27 vpssa

    涉及到医改,没有无槽点的,

    0

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