陆信武:长段CTO内膜下血管成形术的技术策略

2016-06-03 陆信武 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院

内膜下血管成形术(Subintimal angioplasty SIA)是治疗下肢动脉长段慢性完全闭塞(Chronic total occlusion CTO)的常用治疗策略,Bolia等于1989年首先对其进行报道,现就内膜下血管成形术的常用技术介绍如下。 1 选择导丝、导管进入内膜下合适的部位和方法 闭塞动脉的近段残留管腔(残腔)对能否施行内膜下血管成形术有时非常重要。

内膜下血管成形术(Subintimal angioplasty SIA)是治疗下肢动脉长段慢性完全闭塞(Chronic total occlusion CTO)的常用治疗策略,Bolia等于1989年首先对其进行报道,现就内膜下血管成形术的常用技术介绍如下。 

1 选择导丝、导管进入内膜下合适的部位和方法 


闭塞动脉的近段残留管腔(残腔)对能否施行内膜下血管成形术有时非常重要。SIA最常用于股-腘动脉CTO病变,如股浅动脉起始端已闭塞,导丝和导管可能将反复进入股深动脉,很难甚至根本不能进入股浅动脉的内膜下,从而可能导致治疗失败。在前后位投射的影像上,如未能发现股浅动脉起始端残腔者,可选择患侧侧位投射(15—30度),使股浅和股深动脉影像分开,有时可发现其残腔。 对股浅动脉起始段有3cm以上残腔者,可在同侧患肢,顺行穿刺、置管行SIA操作。当股浅动脉起始端残腔较短时,常选择对侧股总动脉穿刺,用长鞘(6F)跨过腹主动脉,在侧位投射和路径下选择导丝、导管进入股浅动脉起始端残腔和内膜下。如股浅动脉起始端确已闭塞,则在侧位投射和路径下应用不同类型导丝在股浅动脉起始端旋转探进,一旦导丝进入股浅动脉则跟进导管进而完成操作。如确是无法进入闭塞的股浅动脉,可在超声引导下或路径下选择腘动脉或胫腓动脉穿刺行逆行SIA,也可在局麻股动脉切开直视下,选择进入内膜下的部位进行SIA。当导丝到达闭塞端时,应使KMP导管(或椎动脉导管)跟进,先行动脉造影以确定导管的位置、闭塞端附近有无主要动脉分支和远端动脉的流出道情况,然后再插入导丝,旋转导管、导丝,选择导丝进入内膜下的部位,避免在股深动脉或主要动脉分支部位进入内膜下(球囊扩张易致主要分支动脉阻塞而引起缺血)。对于髂动脉闭塞,如髂总动脉残腔长度大于3cm时,可通过同侧、对侧股动脉或肱动脉穿刺进行SIA操作。但当髂总动脉残腔长度很短时(小于3cm)应首选肱动脉和对侧股动脉穿刺进行SIA操作;当顺血流方向行髂动脉SIA较困难时(对侧髂股动脉或和锁骨下动脉闭塞性病变),也可经同侧股动脉逆血流方向行SIA手术;但导丝、导管在内膜下进入真腔比较困难(腹主动脉分叉及髂总动脉钙化和硬化非常严重)。 

2 导丝呈襻状前行和在“路径”下行内膜下血管成形术 

导丝、导管进入内膜下后,推进导丝向动脉远侧前行,导丝顶端需突破管壁组织的障碍,因此导丝常常向管壁组织最薄弱的方向前行,造成导丝在内膜下前行并非成直线,而是弯曲成襻状;当导丝襻状顶端越过闭塞段进入远端通畅的动脉管腔时,有时可感觉到一种阻力突然消失的“触空感觉”,此时跟进导管,注入造影剂以确认导管是否已在通畅的动脉腔内。导丝以襻状而非以导丝顶端直线前行,可大大减少动脉穿孔的发生率,且明显增加导丝、导管前进速度。在“路径”下行SIA操作时,可实时监测导丝和导管在血管壁内前行的方向,方向有异时,应及时撤出导丝,并向导管内注入少量的造影剂,以确定是否穿孔;如发现已穿孔,则抽回导丝、导管,重新选择导丝和导管进入内膜下的位置并施行SIA。在“路径”下推进导丝、导管时,可实时监测导丝、导管在血管内的位置,能及时发现导丝、导管已穿出内膜下,进入远端通畅的血管腔内,这将显著减少SIA操作时间和造影剂的用量。此外,在“路径”下行球囊扩张和支架置入,可做到精确定位和释放。 

3 增加内膜下血管成形术技术成功率的方法 

内膜下血管成形术的一般技术成功率约70-75%左右,手术不成功的主要原因是血管壁严重钙化和管壁组织致密、坚硬,以致导丝和导管不能进入内膜下和在内膜下的导丝和导管不能再进入远端通畅的动脉管腔。为提高SIA的技术成功率人们应用了很多技术方法,如在超声引导下或“路径”下穿刺闭塞段的远端动脉(腘动脉或足背、胫后动脉或腓动脉),作逆行SIA;应用高推送力的导丝、导管或球囊等提高SIA的技术成功率;通过“短球囊”、“空球囊”和“cut and down”等技术完成导丝、导管从内膜下返回远端动脉真腔,应用一些辅助性器具如outback等提高SIA的技术成功率。 

4 球囊扩张和支架的选择 

需行内膜下血管成形术治疗的动脉闭塞往往是长段动脉闭塞,对于长段动脉闭塞,选用长球囊和延长时间的单次扩张(一般扩张时间约3分钟或更长),可减少动脉内膜活瓣、栓塞和总的扩张时间,短球囊多次、重叠和反复扩张,则易导致内膜碎裂、活瓣和栓塞。在SIA过程中是否需要常规放置支架目前仍然存在争论,有人主张在再管化的通道内全程放置支架,而大部分学者则认为不无选择的放置支架对提高SIA术后的通畅率没有价值。SIA术后形成比较平滑、无狭窄的通道是SIA手术成功的必要前提,通过旋转血管造影,可发现动脉夹层通道明显狭窄,或球囊扩张引起的内膜活瓣。再管化形成不完全(有狭窄)、小的、不规则性通道,或内膜下形成活瓣,往往易导致血栓形成,造成再管化通道急性早期闭塞。对血栓形成者可予导管溶栓治疗,内膜活瓣部位可放置支架纠正。不完全的再管化通道,可重复行球囊扩张或延长扩张的时间,必要时可在内膜下通道的起始部位或弹性回缩部位放置支架。在髂动脉等分叉处行球囊扩张和支架置入时,为避免内膜对对侧髂动脉的影响,可采用KISS技术。 

5 技术成功后提高长期通畅率和对并发症的防治 

导致SIA手术后期失败的主要原因一般认为是血栓形成而非进展性的内膜增生和动脉粥样硬化,因为在内膜下夹层通道内并没有真正的内膜和内皮细胞,因此,术后病人应常规给予抗凝、祛聚治疗3~6月。对SIA术后发生重建血管闭塞者,再可进行腔内导管溶栓和血栓抽吸术等,如经其处理效果仍不佳者,在病人条件允许的情况下,可行旁路转流术。SIA手术可发生动脉穿孔、影响动脉主要分支、再通血管急性闭塞和栓塞等并发症,但这些并发症绝大部分可通过选择导丝、导管进入合适的内膜下部位,导丝、导管在内膜下前行方式和球囊扩张、支架置入等进行防治,防治得当者很少引起严重的后果。 

6 结语 

内膜下血管成形术是在动脉壁间形成一夹层通道而重建血供,其有别于传统的血管介入治疗理念,它在操作技术上遵从腔内血管介入治疗的绝大部分原则,但也有一些特殊的技术和方法;行SIA手术有一定的学习曲线,良好的介入操作经验和血管外科知识、技术是提高手术成功率和降低并发症的关键,但SIA还有许多问题值得进一步深入研究和探讨。 

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    2016-09-08 gao_jian4217
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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1862757, encodeId=96af1862e57c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0b69542242' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CTO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5422, encryptionId=0b69542242, topicName=CTO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c66088, createdName=gao_jian4217, createdTime=Thu Sep 08 11:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004645, encodeId=7f0a200464594, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4e8a5400816' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54008, encryptionId=4e8a5400816, topicName=成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7fb6449, createdName=ZGMFX24A, createdTime=Sat Jun 04 07:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1708347, encodeId=efe61e0834700, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c2d3051535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#内膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30515, encryptionId=4c2d3051535, topicName=内膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=730431558473, createdName=12498974m61暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed May 03 15:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1990122, encodeId=9afa199012284, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66308965e00' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89657, encryptionId=66308965e00, topicName=血管成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f5b299, createdName=xuyu, createdTime=Mon Aug 15 23:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076149, encodeId=28fa20e614902, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e3279e985cf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#陆信武#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97985, encryptionId=e3279e985cf, topicName=陆信武)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ba58436, createdName=马龙, createdTime=Tue May 09 14:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1862757, encodeId=96af1862e57c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0b69542242' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CTO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5422, encryptionId=0b69542242, topicName=CTO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c66088, createdName=gao_jian4217, createdTime=Thu Sep 08 11:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004645, encodeId=7f0a200464594, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4e8a5400816' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54008, encryptionId=4e8a5400816, topicName=成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7fb6449, createdName=ZGMFX24A, createdTime=Sat Jun 04 07:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1708347, encodeId=efe61e0834700, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c2d3051535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#内膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30515, encryptionId=4c2d3051535, topicName=内膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=730431558473, createdName=12498974m61暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed May 03 15:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1990122, encodeId=9afa199012284, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66308965e00' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89657, encryptionId=66308965e00, topicName=血管成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f5b299, createdName=xuyu, createdTime=Mon Aug 15 23:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076149, encodeId=28fa20e614902, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e3279e985cf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#陆信武#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97985, encryptionId=e3279e985cf, topicName=陆信武)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ba58436, createdName=马龙, createdTime=Tue May 09 14:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1862757, encodeId=96af1862e57c9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0b69542242' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CTO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5422, encryptionId=0b69542242, topicName=CTO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c66088, createdName=gao_jian4217, createdTime=Thu Sep 08 11:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2004645, encodeId=7f0a200464594, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4e8a5400816' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54008, encryptionId=4e8a5400816, topicName=成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7fb6449, createdName=ZGMFX24A, createdTime=Sat Jun 04 07:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1708347, encodeId=efe61e0834700, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c2d3051535' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#内膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30515, encryptionId=4c2d3051535, topicName=内膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=730431558473, createdName=12498974m61暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed May 03 15:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1990122, encodeId=9afa199012284, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=66308965e00' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管成形术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89657, encryptionId=66308965e00, topicName=血管成形术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f5b299, createdName=xuyu, createdTime=Mon Aug 15 23:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076149, encodeId=28fa20e614902, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e3279e985cf' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#陆信武#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97985, encryptionId=e3279e985cf, topicName=陆信武)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ba58436, createdName=马龙, createdTime=Tue May 09 14:14:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-09 马龙