中枢性完全性尿崩症1例

2017-12-28 王绵 张力辉 殷立新 内分泌系统疾病

62岁女性,无明显诱因出现口干、多饮、多尿,尿量增多。以夜尿增多明显,10余次/晚,伴咽干、鼻干、纳差及体重下降等症状。经医生检查,发现并不是糖尿病所致。那到底是因何导致的呢?

62岁女性,无明显诱因出现口干、多饮、多尿,尿量增多。以夜尿增多明显,10余次/晚,伴咽干、鼻干、纳差及体重下降等症状。经医生检查,发现并不是糖尿病所致。那到底是因何导致的呢?

病例介绍

主诉 口干、多饮、多尿1个月余。

现病史 患者缘于1个月前无明显诱因出现口干、多饮、多尿,每日饮水量5 000~6 000ml,喜饮冷水,尿量增多,但具体尿量不详。以夜尿增多明显,10余次/晚,伴咽干,无眼干、鼻干等,伴纳差、畏寒、便秘及体重下降,1个月内体重下降约5kg。曾于其他医院查尿渗透压188mOsm/(kg ·H2O),血渗透压266mOsm/(kg ·H2O)。门诊查随机尿比重1.002,禁水8小时后尿比重均为1.005,红细胞沉降率87mm/h,免疫球蛋白IgG 20﹒0g/L,补体C40﹒132g/L,禁水8小时后血钠152.3mmol/L,为求系统诊治,由门诊收入院。

既往史 无高血压、冠心病、糖尿病史,无肝炎、结核等传染病史,无手术、外伤及输血史。预防接种史不详,系统回顾无特殊。

家族史 无糖尿病高血压、冠心病家族史,无其他遗传病及传染病史,家族中无类似患者。

个人史 生于原籍,久居当地,未到过疫区及牧区。无烟、酒嗜好。

既往用药史 入院前未用药物治疗。

过敏史 无食物及药物过敏史。

【体格检查】

一般状况 女性,62岁,身高162c m,体重47kg,发育正常,营养不良。神志清楚,自主体位,查体合作。

生命体征 T 36﹒9℃,P 88次/分,R 22次/分,BP 135/80mmHg。

皮肤 全身皮肤干燥,皮肤黏膜无黄染、出血点、皮疹。全身浅表淋巴结未及肿大。

五官 头颅无畸形,眼睑无水肿,结膜无苍白,巩膜无黄染,双侧瞳孔正大等圆,对光反射存在。耳鼻无异常,口唇无苍白及发绀,伸舌居中。咽无充血,扁桃体无肿大。

颈部 颈软,气管居中,甲状腺无肿大,无颈静脉怒张,未触及肿大淋巴结。

胸部 胸廓对称,无皮下气肿,胸骨无压痛,双侧呼吸动度对称,语颤正常,叩诊清音,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音。

心脏 心前区无隆起,未触及震颤,心界不大,心率88次/分,心律齐,各瓣膜区未闻及杂音。

腹部 腹平坦,无腹壁静脉曲张。无压痛、反跳痛及肌紧张。肝脾肋下未及。无异常包块。叩诊鼓音,移动性浊音阴性。肠鸣音正常存在。

四肢 脊柱、四肢无畸形,肌张力正常。双下肢轻度指凹性水肿,右下肢为著,双侧足背动脉搏动可。

神经系统 生理反射存在,巴氏征阴性。脑膜刺激征阴性。

辅助检查

1﹒外院尿渗透压188mOsm/kg·H2O,血渗透压266mOsm/kg ·H2O。

2﹒门诊查随机尿比重1.002,禁水8小时后尿比重1.005。

3﹒红细胞沉降率87mm/h,免疫球蛋白IgG 20﹒0g/L,补体C40﹒132g/L。

4﹒禁水8小时后血钠152.3mmol/L,空腹血糖5.76mmol/L。

入院诊断 

尿崩症。

诊疗经过 

入院后根据:口干、多尿、多饮伴体重下降;尿比重低于正常,尿渗透压明显下降【188 mOsm/(kg ·H2O)】,低于血渗透压【266mOsm/(kg ·H2O)】,禁水8小时后血钠152.3mmol/L,尿比重仍明显低于正常(1.005),多次测尿比重波动于1.000~1.002之间;入院后12小时尿量5 850ml,初步诊断为尿崩症。为了明确诊断及了解病因,需要进一步行禁水加压试验。患者为老年妇女,有口干、多尿、多饮、体重下降等症状,虽空腹血糖5.76mmol/L,未达糖尿病诊断标准,但我国老年人血糖升高的特点是餐后血糖升高更明显,所以应进一步查餐后或随机血糖,以除外糖尿病。入院后多次监测餐后血糖均在正常范围,排除了糖尿病的诊断;门诊查:IgG 20g/L,C40﹒132g/L,血沉87mm/h,患者无鼻干、眼干且口腔科唾液流量检查正常,不支持干燥综合征诊断。禁水加压试验结果如下:


禁水加压试验结果

注:禁水6小时后给予神经垂体素5U皮下注射。

患者禁水后尿量无明显减少,体重明显降低>3%,尿比重≤1.002,血渗透压>300mOsm/(kg ·H2O),尿渗透压明显低于血渗透压。注射神经垂体素后,尿渗透压成倍升高,尿比重增高,尿量明显减少。综合分析患者中枢性尿崩诊断明确,且为完全性中枢性尿崩症尿崩,给予醋酸去氨加压素替代治疗,1次50μg,1日3次。查垂体MRI及垂体激素以明确病因。甲状腺功能:TSH 3﹒5μI U/ml,FT36﹒71p mol/L,FT412﹒9p mol/L,早8:00皮质醇535nmol/L,ACT H 16﹒6pg/ml,FSH 13﹒0mI U/ml,L H 7﹒04mI U/ml,PRL 212mI U/ml,GH 0﹒662ng/ml,垂体激素均在正常参考值范围内,无腺垂体功能减退。垂体MRI:垂体柄、神经垂体结构异常,建议行垂体MRI增强检查进一步明确病变性质。后行增强垂体增强MRI,提示垂体柄下端增粗,未见明确占位。替代治疗后患者口干、多尿、多饮较前明显缓解,皮肤干燥较前明显减轻,复查晨起尿渗透压138.0mOsm/(kg ·H2O),仍明显低于正常,夜尿量2 250ml,患者为持续低比重尿,夜间尿量大于日间尿量,为肾小管受损、肾脏浓缩功能不良的表现。进一步做泌尿系超声:双肾、膀胱未见占位性病变,膀胱残余尿28ml,尿沉渣正常。增加醋酸去氨加压素至100μg,夜尿量减至800ml,夜尿量明显减少,患者开始治疗效果不好考虑主要为去氨加压素剂量不足所致,将醋酸加压素调整为早50μg、晚100μg。住院期间请神经外科会诊,神经外科无特殊处理,建议继续目前治疗并需定期复查头颅MRI。患者替代治疗后症状改善明显,住院16天后出院。

出院诊断 

中枢性完全性尿崩症。

病例特点与诊断要点

1﹒病史 口干、多尿、多饮伴体重下降1个月余,饮水量5 000~6 000ml/d,尿量明显增加,无鼻干、眼干。

2﹒禁水加压试验提示中枢性完全性尿崩症。

3﹒空腹血糖5.76 mmol/L,餐后血糖在7.8mmol/L以下。

4﹒垂体MRI示垂体柄、神经垂体结构异常,建议行垂体MRI增强检查。头颅增强MRI示垂体柄下端增粗,未见明确占位。

用药分析与药学监护

1﹒ADH替代治疗

诊断明确后,即给予醋酸去氨加压素替代治疗。应根据患者的多饮、烦渴症状的改善以及尿量的减少确定治疗效果,调整药物剂量。给药应从小剂量开始,逐渐加量。开始时给予1次50μg,1日3次,患者症状有减轻,但夜尿量仍明显高于正常,而且尿渗透压仍然很低,所以逐渐增加醋酸去氨加压素的剂量,最终将剂量增加至1次100μg,1日3次,患者尿量控制在3000ml/d以下,症状缓解。

去氨加压素用药后可能出现短暂的头痛,可见恶心、胃痛、鼻出血、水潴留及低钠血症,习惯性或精神性烦渴症、心功能不全或其他疾患需服用利尿剂者禁用。

2﹒出院教育

嘱患者规律用药,观察饮水量和尿量变化,定期复查电解质和尿比重、渗透压。垂体MRI示垂体柄下端增粗,定期复诊了解有无动态变化。

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    2017-12-30 jyzxjiangqin

    内分泌系统疾病.

    0

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    2017-12-28 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    好典型病例.学习了.

    0

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    2017-12-28 orangesking

    学习

    0

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    2017-12-28 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢.

    0

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