Nat Com:警惕白喉抗菌素耐药性再次威胁全球

2021-04-21 Viho MedSci原创

白喉是由白喉杆菌引起的一种呼吸道疾病,主要通过咳嗽、打喷嚏或与感染者密切接触传播,具有强传染性,可影响鼻子、喉咙以及皮肤。

白喉是由白喉杆菌引起的一种呼吸道疾病,主要通过咳嗽、打喷嚏或与感染者密切接触传播,具有强传染性,可影响鼻子、喉咙以及皮肤。在大多数情况下,这种细菌会在白喉毒素的驱动下引起急性感染,非毒性的白喉杆菌也会引起疾病,通常以全身感染的形式出现。

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20世纪30年代,科学家们基于毒素研制出了疫苗,使该病得到了高度控制。现如今,在欧美高收入国家,婴儿都会接种疫苗以防止感染。然而,在中低收入国家,这种疾病仍可在未接种疫苗和部分接种疫苗的社区引起零星感染或爆发。近年来的白喉病例悄然增加。此外,白喉感染通常可以用一些类别的抗生素来治疗,虽然已经有白喉杆菌对抗生素产生抗药性的报道,但这种抗药性的程度在很大程度上仍然未知。

近日,来自剑桥大学研究小组报告称,白喉正在演变为对一些类别的抗生素产生抗药性,并在未来可能导致疫苗逃逸,再次成为全球性的重大威胁。研究结果发表在Nature Communications上。

研究小人员描述了122年来16个国家和地区502个白喉杆菌分离株的基因组变异情况,,利用基因组学绘制了感染图,通过分析61种细菌的基因组,并将这些细菌与441个公开的基因组相结合,建立核心基因发育系统,也就是基因 "家族树",以了解这些感染是如何相关以及如何传播。此外,还利用这些信息来评估抗菌素耐药性(AMR)基因的存在和毒素变异。

全球和印度白喉杆菌核心基因系统发育及毒素基因变体十年来的变化情况

通过分析,研究人员发现了从多个大陆分离出来的基因相似的细菌集群,最常见的是亚洲和欧洲。这表明白喉杆菌已经在人类中建立了至少一个多世纪,随着人口的迁移而在全球范围内传播。

利用PHYRE2将6个非同义词突变绘制到蛋白质数据库的白喉毒素模型1XDT上

122个白喉杆菌基因组中抗菌素耐药性(AMR)基因和毒素基因变异比例的代表

当研究小组寻找可能赋予某种程度的抗生素耐药性的基因时,他们发现每个基因组的平均AMR基因数量每十年都在增加。从最近十年(2010-19)的感染中分离出来的细菌基因组显示,每个基因组的AMR基因平均数量最高,几乎是20世纪90年代的四倍。

该研究结果确定了291个毒素+分离株的抗菌素耐药基因的存在和毒素基因内的变异。在整个系统发育过程中观察到众多高度多样化的白喉杆菌群,每个群都包含来自多个国家、地区和分离时间的分离物。此外,研究确定了8个毒素基因变体,估计突变对结构的影响为中到高。

正如前文所说,白喉杆菌的主要致病成分是由毒素基因编码的白喉毒素。疫苗所针对的就是这个成分。而该研究总共发现的18种不同的毒素基因变体,其中有几种变体有可能改变毒素的结构,这就意味着,疫苗有可能失效。

剑桥治疗免疫学和传染病研究所(CITIID)的Gordon Dougan教授表示,白喉疫苗是为了中和毒素而设计的,因此任何改变毒素结构的基因变异都可能对疫苗的有效性产生影响。虽然本研究数据并不表明目前使用的疫苗会无效,但毒素变异体越来越多样化的事实表明,需要定期对疫苗以及针对毒素的治疗方法进行评估。

原始出处:

Robert C. Will, Thandavarayan Ramamurthy, Naresh Chand Sharma, Balaji Veeraraghavan, Lucky Sangal, Pradeep Haldar, Agila Kumari Pragasam, Karthick Vasudevan, Dhirendra Kumar, Bhabatosh Das, Eva Heinz, Vyacheslav Melnikov, Stephen Baker, Vartul Sangal, Gordon Dougan, Ankur Mutreja. Spatiotemporal persistence of multiple, diverse clades and toxins of Corynebacterium diphtheriaeNature Communications, 2021; 12 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21870-5

 

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    2021-08-28 liye789132251
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    2021-04-22 伊人白马

    活着好难。。。

    0

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