Nature:尼古丁成瘾加剧2型糖尿病风险,抽烟的另一大危害被证实!

2019-10-22 佚名 生物探索

人们都知道吸烟会加剧肺癌风险,但你知道吗?对于糖尿病患者而言,烟草中的尼古丁、一氧化碳和焦油等有害物质还会破坏血糖稳定,导致血糖升高。

人们都知道吸烟会加剧肺癌风险,但你知道吗?对于糖尿病患者而言,烟草中的尼古丁、一氧化碳和焦油等有害物质还会破坏血糖稳定,导致血糖升高。经过多年的不懈研究,科学家总算找到了将尼古丁摄入和糖尿病风险相联系的关键蛋白,这一研究也成功成了最新《Nature》杂志的封面。



Nature封面

来自美国西奈山伊坎医学院的Paul J. Kenny研究团队发现,吸烟罹患2型糖尿病的风险比不吸烟的人高出30%-40%,而导致这一结果的元凶竟是一种与糖尿病相关的基因:Tcf7l2转录因子。先前有研究表明,Tcf7l2转录因子调节胰腺和肝脏中的基因表达,这些基因决定了人体中的血糖水平和罹患2型糖尿病的风险。

此外,研究人员在大鼠的大脑内侧缰核(mHb)区域内发现了密集表达的Tcf7l2基因。值得注意的是,这是大脑负责调控尼古丁摄入的主要区域,具有调节烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)的功能。那么这是否意味着,Tcf7l2基因或许就是联系尼古丁成瘾和血糖升高之间的纽带呢?

为了验证这一猜想,Paul J. Kenny教授通过基因编辑删除了大鼠的Tcf712基因,与未删除Tcf712基因的大鼠相比,删除Tcf712基因的大鼠尼古丁消费量明显增加。这是因为Tcf7l2的消除导致mHb区域中烟碱样受体减少,尼古丁刺激大脑的能力降低,因此大鼠会增加尼古丁的摄入。

令人惊讶的是,在摄入大量尼古丁的大鼠身上,研究者并没有看到血糖升高的现象,反而观察到大鼠的高血糖反应得到了一定程度上的抑制。难道是最初的猜想错了吗?原来只有在Tcf7l2基因正常表达的情况下,尼古丁摄入才会造成血糖升高。

研究人员发现:Tcf7l2编码的蛋白质介导了一个信号通路,该通路将被尼古丁激活的大脑神经元与胰腺的血糖调节联系起来。尼古丁能够激活大脑内侧缰核区域中神经元所表达的烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR),促进尼古丁带来的高血糖反应。而升高的血糖可能会抑制烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的功能,从而增加尼古丁的吸收,如此循环往复,尼古丁与高血糖效应形成一个恶性循环。

耶鲁大学医学院的神经科学家Marina Picciotto表示:“这些实验不仅定义了大脑与身体相互沟通的新方式,还帮助查明尼古丁是如何影响新陈代谢的。” 这一研究结果表明,2型糖尿病的发生或许源于大脑,尼古丁或会干扰大脑内侧缰核和周围神经系统之间的相互作用。此外,人们或许能够通过这一研究开发出治疗吸烟者的糖尿病新疗法。

目前,研究小组正在研究直接或间接调节Tcf7l2活性的药物: Januvia。它是一种糖尿病药物,可以防止一种叫做GLP-1的蛋白质的分解,这种蛋白质与TCF7L2有关。服用了这种药物的大鼠往往会摄入更少的尼古丁。数据表明,服用Januvia的人会戒烟。在这类药物中还有其他几种药物,研究人员认为这些药物可能对糖尿病患者和希望戒烟的人有很好的效果。

原始出处:

Alexander Duncan, Mary P. Heyer, Masago Ishikawa, et al. Habenular TCF7L2 links nicotine addiction to diabetes. Nature volume 574, pages372–377 (2019) .

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    2020-07-19 liye789132251
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    2019-10-24 gujh
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    2019-10-23 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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    2019-10-22 147612bem32暂无昵称

    写得好

    0

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