普拉德-威利综合征继发重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形一例

2020-07-24 罗敏 杨曦 宋跃 中国修复重建外科杂志

患儿 男,13岁。因“发现腰背部畸形6年余”于2019年6月入院。

病例介绍

患儿 男,13岁。因“发现腰背部畸形6年余”于2019年6月入院。6年前患儿家属发现其腰背部畸形,平卧畸形无改善。无腰背疼痛、四肢麻木、大小便功能障碍等,曾于外院给予胸腰支具治疗。因患儿依从性差,未坚持佩戴支具,畸形进行性加重,遂于本院接受手术治疗。查体:胸腰椎“S”型侧弯畸形,右侧剃刀背,较对侧高约5cm;双肩不等高,右肩较左肩高约2cm,全身未见牛奶咖啡斑。腹部、鞍区及四肢感觉正常,各棘突无明显压叩痛。脊柱伸屈及左右侧屈受限,四肢肌张力稍减弱,双上肢耸肩及屈肘肌力4级,双下肢屈髋、屈膝肌力4+级,余肌力5级。全脊柱X线片及胸腰椎CT三维重建示:脊柱胸腰椎呈“S”型侧弯,未见半椎及蝴蝶椎等征象(图1a~c)。骨密度测定提示骨量减少。实验室检查未见明显异常。基因检测示普拉德-威利综合征(Prader-Willisyndrome,PWS)关键区域(15q11~13)父源片段丢失。诊断为PWS继发重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形。





入院后一期行经胸前路脊柱侧凸松解、经后路生长棒植入撑开术。前路:左侧卧位,右侧经胸入路,切除第6肋中段入胸。切除胸椎侧凸顶椎上下3个椎间盘,顶椎上下软骨终板及远端2个纤维环,行前路松解。后路:俯卧位,于T3~5、L2、3左侧植入椎弓根螺钉,连接钛棒,以多米诺撑开棒技术固定撑开。2个月后二期行经后路脊柱侧凸截骨矫形、胸廓成形、植骨融合固定术。俯卧位,作后正中切口,显露T2~L3节段行关键椎植钉;切除T5~12之间棘突及双侧部分关节突行Smith-Petersen截骨后连接钛棒矫形;T2~L3椎板去皮质化后以自体骨植骨融合;胸椎凸侧顶点处切除部分肋骨小头行胸廓成形。二次矫形术后手术总矫正率:上胸弯54%,胸弯84%,腰弯93%,胸椎后凸66%(图1d~g)。术后无切口感染及神经损伤等并发症发生;术后3个月随访,患儿四肢肌力恢复正常。

讨论

1956年Prader等首次报道了PWS(俗称小胖威利),该疾病为15号染色体长臂(位置15q11~13)异常导致,是一种罕见的先天性遗传性疾病,发生率约1/15000,早期确诊率低,目前尚无有效治疗方法。PWS主要典型症状为无法获得饱足感,表现为睫毛长直、嘴唇薄而下垂、前额窄、易怒、智力低下。因暴饮暴食,患者青少年时期逐渐出现肥胖、脊柱畸形、肌肉协调不足、身材矮小等表现。其中脊柱畸形发病率为45%~86%,其原因可能与椎旁肌张力降低导致对脊柱维持力减弱、过度肥胖以及严重骨质疏松(61.5%PWS患者存在骨质疏松)有关。该类患者因体型肥胖,依从性差,支具治疗效果不佳,脊柱侧凸在青春期明显加重,对其生长发育及心肺功能带来严重危害。生长激素治疗可减少脂肪堆积、增加肌肉质量及力量、促进骨密度增加等,但同时可能会因快速发育而加重脊柱侧凸。矫形融合手术可阻止侧凸发展,降低以上危害。PWS矫形手术并发症发生率约为50%,其原因是PWS患者畸形严重以及肥胖,术后感染、内固定物松动、脊髓神经损伤等并发症发生风险大。对于本例患儿,一期未选择头盆环固定而选择体内撑开,是考虑到患儿易怒、依从性差、脊柱柔韧性差,脊柱骨量已减少,若采用头盆环固定,不仅患儿耐受性差,骨量还可能继续丢失。分两期手术是因患儿侧后凸严重,一期体内生长棒撑开可松弛脊柱软组织,提高手术矫正率;分期手术保护了肺功能,减少了肺部并发症,提高了第2次手术的耐受性。分两期手术解决了脊髓、血管、肌肉以及皮肤软组织在矫形后的适应问题,进一步提高了手术安全性。但此类病例手术方式是否得当,还需更多病例研究明确。

原始出处:

罗敏,杨曦,宋跃明,李涛,刘立岷.普拉德-威利综合征继发重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形一例[J].中国修复重建外科杂志,2020,34(07):941-942.

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    2020-07-26 wushaoling
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