腺病毒导致暴发性肝炎,致死率曾高达70%

2022-04-30 健康界 网络

近期,世界范围内已经报道了190例不明原因儿童急性肝炎,WHO称,本次流行或与腺病毒感染有关,引起了全球医疗行业的广泛重视。

腺病毒是一种DNA病毒,通常会引起人体轻微的感染,包括上呼吸道或下呼吸道、胃肠道、结膜感染。腺病毒感染的罕见表现包括出血性膀胱炎、出血性结肠炎、胰腺炎、肾炎或脑膜脑炎,以及肝炎。

早在2016年一篇研究“Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention”就已经解释了腺病毒感染的全部疾病,也包括腺病毒引发的肝炎,见图1。

图1:腺病毒的全球传播以及治疗和预防进展

研究证实,由于缺乏体液免疫,腺病毒感染在儿童中更为常见,也符合本次不明原因肝炎的流行病学。

此外,免疫功能受损的患者(如器官移植受者、人类免疫缺陷病毒感染)更容易出现疾病传播。

呼吸道感染更常见

腺病毒至少占儿童呼吸道感染的5%~10%,以及成人呼吸道感染的1%~7%。

腺病毒呼吸道感染的典型症状包括发烧、咽炎、扁桃体炎、咳嗽和喉咙痛,可能同时出现胃肠道症状,尤其是在儿童群体中。

腺病毒感染的其他疾病

即使主要受累部位是呼吸道,腺病毒感染也会引起胃肠道症状。特别是血清型AdV-40和AdV-41,对胃肠道有亲和力,主要表现为肠胃炎或腹泻症状。其他罕见并发症包括出血性结肠炎、肝炎(见图 2)、胆囊炎和胰腺炎

图2:腺病毒肝炎患者病理改变

此外,腺病毒引发的角膜结膜炎也很常见,最常见的血清型是AdV-8、AdV-19和AdV-37,其他血清型,例如AdV-3、AdV-4、AdV-7、AdV-11和AdV-14,也可引起结膜炎。

免疫功能与腺病毒感染

腺病毒感染的流行绝大多数情况是自限性的;在免疫功能正常的宿主中,播散性和致命性感染很少见。但在免疫功能异常的患者中,腺病毒感染带来的病变会更加严重,甚至致命。

在造血干细胞移植的受者中,移植后100 d内检测到腺病毒感染。通常发生在局部,例如,泌尿道、肠胃炎、上呼吸道或下呼吸道。

腺病毒感染,还有可能使先天性免疫缺陷疾病复杂化,例如严重联合免疫缺陷综合征、常见变异型免疫缺陷、无丙种球蛋白血症、免疫球蛋白A缺乏症等。

另一篇研究报道(见图3)腺病毒肝炎的研究中,纳入了89例腺病毒肝炎病例患者。其中43例(48%)为肝移植受者,19例(21%)为骨髓移植受者,11例(12%)接受过化疗,5例(6%)患有严重的联合免疫缺陷,4例(4%)感染艾滋病病毒,2例进行了心脏移植,2例是肾移植受者。

图3:人腺病毒肝炎流行论文封面

90%的患者在移植后6个月内就诊。发烧是最常见的初始症状;腹部CT扫描显示9例患者中8例有低密度病变;43例(48%)经肝活检确诊,46例(52%)经尸检确诊;54例在其他部位分离出人类腺病毒。

89例患者中只有24例(27%)存活:16例免疫抑制降低,6例再次肝移植,2例接受西多福韦和静脉注射免疫球蛋白。

应对与治疗

自2022年4月15日世界卫生组织(WHO)发布“英国出现病因不明急性肝炎”以来,全球不断有儿童不明原因急性肝炎的病例报告。

根据WHO的评估,目前还不清楚是4月份以来,新发生的不明原因肝炎病例数量增加,还是人们渐渐对不明原因肝炎病例的认识提高了。虽然腺病毒是一种可能的病因,但对致病因素的调查仍在进行中。

腺病毒肝炎在免疫功能低下的宿主中可表现为暴发性疾病,研究人员称——“明确诊断需要肝活检,早期找到病毒亚型、减少免疫抑制、接受肝移植可能会挽救生命。

针对不明原因肝炎的治疗,目前主要以对症为主,病毒感染应用抗病毒药物,一旦肝脏无法支撑机体,则采用肝移植术。

参考文献:

[1]Ronan BA,Agrwal N, Carey EJ, et al. Fulminant hepatitis due to human adenovirus. Infection.2014;42(1):105-111.doi:10.1007/s15010-013-0527-7.Epub 2013 Aug 24.PMID:23979854.

[2]Lynch JP 3rd, Kajon AE. Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;37(4):586-602. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1584923. Epub 2016 Aug 3. PMID: 27486739; PMCID: PMC7171713.

[3]Lynch JP 3rd, Kajon AE. Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Types, and Approach to Treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 ;42(6):800-821. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1733802. Epub 2021 Dec 16. PMID: 34918322.

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    2023-04-07 axin009
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1941804, encodeId=90a91941804e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aaa686456e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致死率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86456, encryptionId=aaa686456e2, topicName=致死率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0ad8182, createdName=axin009, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 13:30:05 CST 2023, time=2023-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1216492, encodeId=100512164928d, content=不是肝炎跟这个有关?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3c2b1620925, createdName=泽9867, createdTime=Tue May 03 09:13:23 CST 2022, time=2022-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215980, encodeId=351a121598041, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4d191045122f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#暴发性肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104512, encryptionId=4d191045122f, topicName=暴发性肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Sun May 01 10:01:29 CST 2022, time=2022-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215808, encodeId=fe411215808f5, content=这个研究不错,厉害了!!!谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=65aa5643711, createdName=小白努力长高高, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 14:23:51 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215796, encodeId=47351215e9623, content=***, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211111/81c0b64745c644319545ec26d7ef0b34/9ddb2864d5df4dd9bf4305e380bffc96.jpg, createdBy=c7835705079, createdName=屋顶瞄爱赏月, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 13:36:09 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215788, encodeId=a49a1215e8882, content=不错,***。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210606/e8b96fdba070433da10cd357c0646807/28bf16f46e314caaad8396c0c7df7a04.jpg, createdBy=adb15496357, createdName=仁术2021, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 12:13:27 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-03 泽9867

    不是肝炎跟这个有关?

    0

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    2022-04-30 小白努力长高高

    这个研究不错,厉害了!!!谢谢分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1941804, encodeId=90a91941804e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aaa686456e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致死率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86456, encryptionId=aaa686456e2, topicName=致死率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0ad8182, createdName=axin009, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 13:30:05 CST 2023, time=2023-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1216492, encodeId=100512164928d, content=不是肝炎跟这个有关?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3c2b1620925, createdName=泽9867, createdTime=Tue May 03 09:13:23 CST 2022, time=2022-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215980, encodeId=351a121598041, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4d191045122f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#暴发性肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104512, encryptionId=4d191045122f, topicName=暴发性肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Sun May 01 10:01:29 CST 2022, time=2022-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215808, encodeId=fe411215808f5, content=这个研究不错,厉害了!!!谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=65aa5643711, createdName=小白努力长高高, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 14:23:51 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215796, encodeId=47351215e9623, content=***, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211111/81c0b64745c644319545ec26d7ef0b34/9ddb2864d5df4dd9bf4305e380bffc96.jpg, createdBy=c7835705079, createdName=屋顶瞄爱赏月, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 13:36:09 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215788, encodeId=a49a1215e8882, content=不错,***。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210606/e8b96fdba070433da10cd357c0646807/28bf16f46e314caaad8396c0c7df7a04.jpg, createdBy=adb15496357, createdName=仁术2021, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 12:13:27 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-30 屋顶瞄爱赏月

    ***

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1941804, encodeId=90a91941804e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aaa686456e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致死率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86456, encryptionId=aaa686456e2, topicName=致死率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0ad8182, createdName=axin009, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 13:30:05 CST 2023, time=2023-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1216492, encodeId=100512164928d, content=不是肝炎跟这个有关?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3c2b1620925, createdName=泽9867, createdTime=Tue May 03 09:13:23 CST 2022, time=2022-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215980, encodeId=351a121598041, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4d191045122f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#暴发性肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=104512, encryptionId=4d191045122f, topicName=暴发性肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=赛华佗, createdTime=Sun May 01 10:01:29 CST 2022, time=2022-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215808, encodeId=fe411215808f5, content=这个研究不错,厉害了!!!谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=65aa5643711, createdName=小白努力长高高, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 14:23:51 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215796, encodeId=47351215e9623, content=***, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211111/81c0b64745c644319545ec26d7ef0b34/9ddb2864d5df4dd9bf4305e380bffc96.jpg, createdBy=c7835705079, createdName=屋顶瞄爱赏月, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 13:36:09 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215788, encodeId=a49a1215e8882, content=不错,***。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210606/e8b96fdba070433da10cd357c0646807/28bf16f46e314caaad8396c0c7df7a04.jpg, createdBy=adb15496357, createdName=仁术2021, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 12:13:27 CST 2022, time=2022-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-30 仁术2021

    不错,***。

    0

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