Cell:免疫疗法大牛James Allison全新:PD-1抗体与CTLA-4抗体原来如此不同

2017-08-14 佚名 生物探索

MD安德森癌症中心的James P. Allison教授是癌症免疫疗法的先驱之一,也被称“CTLA-4抗体Yervoy之父”。去年,他还荣获了有着诺奖风向标之称的汤森路透“引文桂冠奖”。近日,他带领的研究小组在Cell杂志上发表了一项新成果,揭开了CTLA-4抗体和PD-1抗体这两类癌症免疫疗法不同的细胞机制。

MD安德森癌症中心的James P. Allison教授是癌症免疫疗法的先驱之一,也被称“CTLA-4抗体Yervoy之父”。去年,他还荣获了有着诺奖风向标之称的汤森路透“引文桂冠奖”。近日,他带领的研究小组在Cell杂志上发表了一项新成果,揭开了CTLA-4抗体和PD-1抗体这两类癌症免疫疗法不同的细胞机制。


James P.Allison教授(图片来源:网络)

8月10日,发表在Cell杂志上题为“Distinct Cellular Mechanisms Underlie Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade”的研究中,来自德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的科学家们证实,阻断T细胞上两种不同免疫检查点的癌症免疫疗法——CTLA-4抗体和PD-1抗体——是通过影响不同类型的T细胞来启动抗癌免疫攻击。

癌症免疫疗法的先驱James P.Allison教授是这篇论文的共同通讯作者。他是MD安德森癌症中心免疫学系主任,也被称“CTLA-4抗体Yervoy之父”。去年9月,Allison教授荣获了有着诺奖风向标之称的汤森路透“引文桂冠奖”。Allison教授说:“这两种疗法使用的细胞机制大多没有重叠,这也解释了为什么将它们联合使用比单独使用更有效。”

共有4点发现

该研究中,科学家们分析了经CTLA-4检查点抑制剂或PD-1检查点抑制剂治疗的小鼠肿瘤模型和人类黑色素瘤的浸润免疫细胞。为了表征浸润细胞,他们共分析了33个表面标志物和10个细胞内标志物。


图片来源:Cell

研究主要获得了以下4点发现:

第一, 抗PD-1和抗CTLA-4(Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4)利用了不同的细胞机制;

第二, 对不同肿瘤模型的T细胞响应基本上是相似的;

第三, 抗PD-1和抗CTLA-4都会靶向耗竭样CD8 T细胞(exhausted-like CD8 T cells)亚型;

第四, 抗CTLA-4诱导了ICOS+ Th1-like CD4 T细胞扩增。


图片来源:Cell

具体来说,研究小组在高免疫原性的黑色素瘤小鼠模型和免疫原性较差的另一癌症模型中进行了这些实验。结果发现,在两种肿瘤类型中,CTLA-4检查点抑制剂和PD-1检查点抑制剂两种药物通过促进相同的T细胞浸润发挥作用。因此,它们的细胞机制似乎与肿瘤特征无关。

随后对手术切除的人类黑色素瘤肿瘤的分析显示,抗PD-1和抗CTLA-4治疗各自扩大的T细胞群体与在小鼠模型中观察到的一致。

Allison教授强调:“检查点阻断疗法的临床成功已经超出了我们对这些药物作用机制的理解。我们需要更深入地了解这些药物背后的基础科学,以便能够更有效地利用它们。”此外,研究人员表示,还需要更大的研究来证实和进一步理解这些发现。

CTLA-4抗体和PD-1抗体可治疗多种癌症

作为最早上市的免疫检查点抑制剂,Yervoy(Ipilimumab)的作用机制是阻断T细胞上“刹车”蛋白CTLA-4的活性,恢复免疫系统对抗癌症的能力。Ipilimumab最早于2011年被FDA批准用于治疗转移性黑色素瘤。目前,有大量的临床试验在开发它作为单药或联合其它药物治疗多种类型的癌症。

PD-1抗体是FDA批准的第二类免疫检查点抑制剂,也是目前癌症免疫疗法中最成功的药物之一。目前已上市的两个PD-1抗体Opdivo和Keytruda已被批准用于治疗8个适应症,包括黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、肾细胞癌、经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤、头颈癌、膀胱癌(尿路上皮癌)、结直肠癌以及携带微卫星不稳定性高(MSI-H)或错配修复缺陷(dMMR)的实体瘤。

然而,尽管适应症很多,但目前,仅约有15%-25%的患者能够响应这些药物。研究人员正在积极寻找生物标志物来指导治疗,以及探索新的联合疗法方案。Allison教授的团队也一直在从事相关的研究工作。

如何为癌症免疫疗法找合适患者?

去年8月1日,他的团队在Cancer Discovery上发表了题为“Analysis of Immune Signatures in Longitudinal Tumor Samples Yields Insight into Biomarkers of Response and Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade”的论文。该研究发现,早期治疗期间肿瘤活检中的免疫响应分析将帮助预测哪些黑色素瘤患者能够获益于特定的免疫检查点阻断药物。

参与该研究的转移性黑色素瘤患者最初接受了CTLA-4阻断治疗(n = 53),病情发展后,又接受了PD-1阻断治疗(n = 46)。研究人员对在治疗期间多个时间点采集的纵向组织样本进行了免疫特征分析。具体来说,他们分析了T细胞类型、蛋白标志物(如PD-1/PD-L1的表达)等。

研究发现,在接受CTLA-4抗体ipilimumab治疗前,响应者和非响应者之间没有免疫生物标志物差异,但当治疗开始后,响应者肿瘤中杀伤T细胞的密度明显更高。

46名接受PD-1抗体Keytruda治疗的患者中,有13人(28%)产生响应。早期抗PD-1治疗活检(anti-PD1 on-treatment biopsies)中,研究人员发现,几乎所有12种免疫标志物在响应者和非响应者之间存在统计学上的显着差异,其中包括了肿瘤中的杀伤CD8 T细胞、CD4辅助T细胞和CD3 T细胞,以及PD-1、 PD-L1、LAG-3的表达等。

这一研究成果有望帮助更精准地找到能够获益于免疫检查点阻断疗法的患者。

或可通过检测IFN-γ基因预测患者对ipilimumab的响应

Allison教授团队另一项重要的相关成果于去年9月发表在Cell杂志上(题目:Loss of IFN-γ Pathway Genes in Tumor Cells as a Mechanism of Resistance to Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy)。他的妻子Padmanee Sharma博士是这篇论文的通讯作者(也是最新发表的这篇Cell论文的共同作者)。

这一研究发现,黑色素瘤依靠一条免疫反应通路中的基因突变来抵抗ipilimumab的治疗。这些突变引起的IFN-γ信号缺失首次阐明了肿瘤细胞抵抗ipilimumab背后的机制。

科学家们认为,这一研究成果表明,未来或许通过检测IFN-γ基因预测患者对ipilimumab的响应,同时,可以探索对抗IFN-γ相关抵抗的新型组合疗法。

原始出处:Spencer C. Wei, Jacob H. Levine, Alexandria P. Cogdill, et al. Distinct Cellular Mechanisms Underlie Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade. Cell.2017.07.024.

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    2018-03-11 维他命
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    2017-08-16 膀胱癌
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    2017-08-16 hywen7328
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    2017-08-16 longqijun254

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