我国慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的流行与诊疗现状

2015-11-24 北京大学医学部 庄辉院士 国际肝病

作者   北京大学医学部  庄辉院士 我国乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎流行率呈下降趋势,但形势依然严峻 我国每5年制订一次乙型肝炎的防治规划,2006~2016年的防治规划目标是将一般人群的HBsAg阳性率降低至7%左右。最近一次我国乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查于2014年完成,调查对象为年龄1~29岁人群。重点了解1~29岁人群乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染情况的主要原因有两

作者   北京大学医学部  庄辉院士

我国乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎流行率呈下降趋势,但形势依然严峻

我国每5年制订一次乙型肝炎的防治规划,2006~2016年的防治规划目标是将一般人群的HBsAg阳性率降低至7%左右。最近一次我国乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查于2014年完成,调查对象为年龄1~29岁人群。重点了解1~29岁人群乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染情况的主要原因有两点:①根据前三次乙型肝炎血清学的流行病学调查结果,29岁以上人群的乙型肝炎流行率变化不大;②由于研究经费有限,所以需要把钱用在“刀刃”上。

根据1992年全国乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查结果,我国一般人群HBsAg流行率为9.75%;2006年乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查显示,我国一般人群HBsAg流行率降至7.18%;2014年的调查结果进一步显示了我国HBV感染的下降趋势。2006~2014年间,各年龄组人群的HBsAg流行率均有明显降低:①0~4岁,2006年为0.96%,2014年降至0.32%;②5~14岁,2006年为2.42%,2014年降至0.94%;③15~29岁,2006年为8.57%,2014年降至4.38%。依据2006年的一般人群HBsAg携带率(7.18%),推算出我国慢性HBV感染者约9300万人,其中慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者约2000万例。

我国HBV感染率明显下降的主要原因包括对新生儿的乙型肝炎疫苗接种、对儿童的补种、一次性注射器的使用,以及医院消毒和隔离制度的明显改善。世界卫生组织(WHO)对我国HBV感染率的下降也给予了高度评价,认为这是我国二十一世纪公共卫生事业的最大成就之一。

在丙型肝炎方面,流行率也有了明显的下降。1992年全国病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查显示,当时的一般人群抗-HCV流行率为3.2%,2006年调查时下降至0.43%。由此推算,1992年的一般人群丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染者约1400万人,而2006年约560万人。考虑高危人群,如HIV患者、经常输血的患者、男男同性恋者等,以及高发地区的HCV感染者,粗略估计我国目前抗-HCV流行率约为1%,即约1000万例HCV感染者。

总体而言,虽然乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的流行率均在下降,但是因为人口基数大,所以慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的患者仍然很多,这两个疾病仍然在给我们国家带来严重的负担。按照2014年调查结果估计,CHB患者仍有2300万人,其中600万的患者因为肝硬化、肝纤维化急需抗病毒治疗;丙型肝炎同样如此,仍然有1000万的丙型肝炎患者,数目仍然巨大,所以目前我国的病毒性肝炎防治任务仍然很重,形势依然严峻。

我国慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎诊疗现状调查概况

“中国乙型肝炎诊疗现状调查项目”和“中国丙型肝炎诊疗现状调查项目”是由中国肝炎基金会牵头的对我国乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的诊治现状进行的两项大规模调查。调查共涉及了全国31个省市自治区、500多家医院和7500多名医生,该500多家医院分布在大中小城市的三级医院和二级医院,所以这是一个有代表性的调查。此外,这两项调查是规范的流行病学调查,有流行病学专家和统计学专家参与设计、制订调查提纲、调查计划和调查表格等。庄辉院士强调:“这是我国首次关于慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎诊疗现状的大范围、有代表性的流行病学调查。”

这两项调查提供的大量信息,对于指导我国今后慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的诊疗有重要意义。调查主要提供了三方面信息:①反映了我国慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的诊疗现状;②反映了目前我国乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的诊疗所存在的问题;③为我们今后在慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎诊疗方面应该开展哪些工作,向政府提出哪些建议提供了依据。

世界病毒性肝炎防治与中国息息相关

乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎是严重的全球公共卫生问题,中低收入国家因为经济条件有限,支付不起抗病毒药物,一些检查的项目也因为价格昂贵而无法承受,所以诊治可及性问题更为突出。如何使中低收入国家的乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎患者能够获得早诊断和早治疗?WHO非常关注这一问题,也因此针对中低收入国家,在2014年和2015年相继发布了丙型肝炎和乙型肝炎的防治指南;对于中国而言更是如此,2015年5月WHO特别在中国发布了乙型肝炎防治指南。庄辉院士强调:“全球控制病毒性肝炎防治离不开中国,没有中国就谈不上世界病毒性肝炎的控制,而中国的病毒肝炎防治离不开这次会议的参会代表,没有这些参会代表的积极努力,也不可能达到乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的控制。”

诊疗现状调查结果:认知存在差异,患者就诊率低

总体而言,医生对慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的疾病认知比预期的要好,大概有60~70%能对其有比较正确的认知。认知程度具有明显的地区分布差异,西部地区较差、东部地区较好,综合医院较差,专科医院较好;二级医院较差,三级医院较好。庄辉院士认为,今后应该把乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎指南的解读重点放在中小城市、综合医院及二级医院。

此次调查同时发现,正在接受抗病毒治疗的患者数量较少,只有10%的乙型肝炎患者在接受抗病毒治疗,接受抗病毒治疗的丙型肝炎患者比例更低。其中一个重要的原因就是治疗费用太高,如果我国能够像印度、埃及等国家一样仅用900~1000美元就能够治愈丙型肝炎,每个月只需要4美元左右购买抗乙型肝炎病毒药物,那么我国大部分乙型和丙型肝炎病人是能够承受的。庄辉院士强调:“我们希望借此调查结果促使政府通过谈判机制,下调药品价格,使更多的乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎患者获得抗病毒治疗。”

 

 

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    2015-12-28 wzf990214

    有意思

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825598, encodeId=41e0182559812, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a942339426' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23394, encryptionId=1a942339426, topicName=乙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea6321, createdName=okhuali, createdTime=Wed Mar 23 00:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49773, encodeId=814f49e7387, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=170, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 02:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49774, encodeId=bccf49e74c4, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 02:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48608, encodeId=d55248608ab, content=可以学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 19:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44754, encodeId=0e3a44e5418, content=早该与国际接轨了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 17:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271238, encodeId=b98412e1238bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d745346316' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#慢性乙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53463, encryptionId=3d745346316, topicName=慢性乙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1274560, encodeId=f1c212e4560e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=30872089e03' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20897, encryptionId=30872089e03, topicName=丙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f503121, createdName=zjubiostat, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43752, encodeId=2eba43e52ea, content=小表弟都小三阳了!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151109/IMG563F820F984734123.jpg, createdBy=f0e51662019, createdName=荒唐的左, createdTime=Wed Nov 25 08:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43727, encodeId=5a2843e27b3, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Tue Nov 24 21:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-28 wzf990214

    赞一个

    0

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    2015-12-26 忠诚向上

    可以学习

    0

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    2015-12-04 匿名用户

    早该与国际接轨了。

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825598, encodeId=41e0182559812, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a942339426' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23394, encryptionId=1a942339426, topicName=乙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea6321, createdName=okhuali, createdTime=Wed Mar 23 00:40:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49773, encodeId=814f49e7387, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=170, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 02:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=49774, encodeId=bccf49e74c4, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRiaKicWybj5Q5KN7PWibALciaJ4W5bZwTlDSFRibFu87125pCq0IXePrC0mpbiasADRqL4NcjUoyQCT9De/0, createdBy=7c7e1636498, createdName=wzf990214, createdTime=Mon Dec 28 02:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=48608, encodeId=d55248608ab, content=可以学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 19:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=44754, encodeId=0e3a44e5418, content=早该与国际接轨了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=129, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 17:12:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271238, encodeId=b98412e1238bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3d745346316' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#慢性乙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53463, encryptionId=3d745346316, topicName=慢性乙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaP1mV9qBwx5tE2F4xcG1r4x1PibWvluIFLB8VsViakqNMBia2Z0wFibVrYwDEILvHB1OomzzTAAGy5MVl5BrdEv9Bw/132, createdBy=e11f100, createdName=guguangxiang, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1274560, encodeId=f1c212e4560e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=30872089e03' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#丙型肝炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20897, encryptionId=30872089e03, topicName=丙型肝炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f503121, createdName=zjubiostat, createdTime=Thu Nov 26 08:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43752, encodeId=2eba43e52ea, content=小表弟都小三阳了!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151109/IMG563F820F984734123.jpg, createdBy=f0e51662019, createdName=荒唐的左, createdTime=Wed Nov 25 08:55:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=43727, encodeId=5a2843e27b3, content=赞一个, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Tue Nov 24 21:58:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2015-11-25 荒唐的左

    小表弟都小三阳了!!!!

    0

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    2015-11-24 老段

    赞一个

    0

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