Plos Pathogens:研发隐球菌疫苗可行性有多高?

2015-06-26 佚名 生物谷

  Cryptococcus neoformans是一种有囊膜的真菌,也是隐球菌病的首要病原体。这种隐球菌病可能会引起真菌性肺炎和中枢神经系统病变。或者包括比较严重的疾病如脑膜炎。该真菌可以通过人体吸入菌体或者干燥孢子而感染人体,很多人呈现出无明显症状;症状严重者通常伴随着免疫系统的强烈反应。据估计全球每年大约一百万例脑膜炎,其中有大约62.5万例死亡。现有的治疗方法并不能有效清

 
Cryptococcus neoformans是一种有囊膜的真菌,也是隐球菌病的首要病原体。这种隐球菌病可能会引起真菌性肺炎和中枢神经系统病变。或者包括比较严重的疾病如脑膜炎。该真菌可以通过人体吸入菌体或者干燥孢子而感染人体,很多人呈现出无明显症状;症状严重者通常伴随着免疫系统的强烈反应。据估计全球每年大约一百万例脑膜炎,其中有大约62.5万例死亡。现有的治疗方法并不能有效清除这些真菌,其原因在于该菌的耐药性、药物副作用和高昂的价格。Plos Pathogens发文讨论了研制针对隐球菌的疫苗的可行性。
 
那么,针对C. neoformans开发疫苗会不会是一个明智的选择呢?对于免疫力低下的患者,试图重建免疫功能确实能够导致隐球菌发病减少。但是隐球菌病相关的免疫重建炎症通常是非常致命的。这种炎症常常出现在同时携带者HIV并进行过抗反转录病毒治疗的患者,以及免疫抑制治疗的器官移植患者身上。如果要研制疫苗,那么就需要明确,疫苗会不会加重免疫系统对人体的伤害?
 
免疫保护在免疫缺陷患者身上可以实现么?实验证明,针对隐球菌病,人体免疫保护机制是通过TH1型CD+4 T淋巴细胞介导触发的。通过一系列的细胞因子、干扰素、肿瘤坏死因子完成对 C. neoformans的抑制。而在免疫缺陷患者身上,这些TH1型CD+4 T淋巴细胞数量很低。而CD8+T淋巴细胞可能也参与了C. neoformans的免疫反应,而且可以弥补TH1型CD+4 T淋巴细胞的不足。而通过抗体介导的免疫一直以来常常被用于疫苗介导的抗病毒或者病原菌。有研究表明,针对TH1型C. neoformans的抗体具有较好效果,然而还需要更深入的证明。还有其他证据也证明了,抗C. neoformans感染的疫苗可能会有长期的抗菌效果。
 
还有种设想是通过“训练”天然抗菌免疫细胞更好地杀死隐球菌。有证据表明,巨噬细胞对抗原存在一定的记忆。如果有一种治疗方法针对这些巨噬细胞,让它们有更强大的免疫能力,可能会帮助免疫缺陷患者抵抗隐球菌。
 
最后,作者总结道,针对隐球菌的疫苗还是可行的。但是还是需要更具体的考量。对于免疫缺陷患者,问题更加复杂,会让普通疫苗效果大减。通过训练巨噬细胞的策略,利用其有“记忆”能力的特点,可能会导致机体对隐球菌有长效的免疫抵抗作用。

原始出处:

Chrissy M. Leopold Wager,Floyd L. Wormley Jr.Is Development of a Vaccine against Cryptococcus neoformans Feasible?PLOS Pathogens, June 18, 2015.DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004843

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    2016-03-02 cnxcy
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    2015-06-27 lqvr
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    2015-06-27 xugc