BMJ:2型糖尿病新型药物疗法

2021-05-12 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

目前,全世界有超过4.63亿成年人患有糖尿病,预计到2045年,患病人数将上升至7亿。与此同时,糖尿病每天导致150万人死亡,其中60%以上可归因于心血管疾病,并大大增加了非致命性心血管事件的风险。为

目前,全世界有超过4.63亿成年人患有糖尿病,预计到2045年,患病人数将上升至7亿。与此同时,糖尿病每天导致150万人死亡,其中60%以上可归因于血管疾病,并大大增加了非致命性心血管事件的风险。为了减少这些风险,他们实施了长达数十年的严格血糖控制策略。然而,我们现在知道,这种以糖为中心的策略至多只能对减少糖尿病相关的心血管疾病和死亡产生微弱的因果效应。幸运的是,这一发现提供了一个机会,使临床和药物开发方面的努力重新集中,直接关注那些往往对患者最重要的结果。

钠-葡萄糖共转运体2 (SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1 (GLP-1)受体激动剂的发展为2型糖尿病患者减少死亡、改善心血管和肾脏预后创造了大量机会。大型试验已经证明了这些药物在降低心血管风险增加的2型糖尿病患者心血管和肾脏事件方面的疗效。北美、欧洲和亚洲的专业协会和组织的大多数主要指南随后更新了建议,包括使用这些新药物,包括由英国国家卫生研究所、美国糖尿病协会、美国心脏病学院、欧洲糖尿病研究协会、欧洲心脏病学会、中国糖尿病学会/中国内分泌学会制定的指南。

然而,关于如何最好地识别“高危”患者,这些建议存在歧义和差异。此外,指南使用了不一致的方法来根据现有证据制定建议,而且许多指南缺乏明确的决策算法来平衡具有不同心血管风险的亚组的这些疗法的利与弊。这些不一致可能解释,至少部分解释,这些改善结果的治疗的使用率一直较低。

现在,一个由临床医生、方剂学家和患者合作伙伴组成的国际小组试图通过制定关于使用SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗2型糖尿病患者的实用指南来解决这些限制。中心方法是基于风险的,对四类患者的两种药物类别提出了建议:(a)无心血管疾病或慢性肾脏疾病且心血管危险因素≤3个,(b)无疾病但有超过三个风险因素,(c)患有心血管疾病或慢性肾脏疾病,(d)患有心血管疾病和慢性肾脏疾病。第5个建议是,致力于进一步降低心血管和肾脏疾病风险的患者首选SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂。

SGLT-2抑制剂被推荐给除最低风险组之外的所有人,对他们没有明显的好处,但有潜在的风险,如生殖器感染。GLP-1激动剂仅推荐用于心血管疾病、慢性肾脏疾病或两者兼有的患者,但SGLT-2抑制剂在这类患者中更受青睐。几乎所有的建议都被认为说服力不足,这反映了该小组对治疗效益和危害之间的平衡以及成本和可及性等其他实际问题的考虑。这些建议与最近更新的心血管或慢性肾脏疾病患者指南大体相似,但对于有多种危险因素的患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂的建议尚未被其他指南广泛采用。

新的建议是由一个全面的网络元分析提供的,并受益于明确和一致的证据,这些证据为专家组的决定提供了依据。重要的是,所考虑的结果在很大程度上受患者偏好的影响,通过多种方法收集。以前发表的指南中没有一例报告患者的伙伴关系。相比之下,新建议的指导小组包括4名2型糖尿病患者,形成了一个单独的焦点小组来阐明2型糖尿病个体的价值和偏好,并纳入了对患者偏好之前研究的系统回顾。当然,这些患者可能并不能反映所有2型糖尿病患者的价值观和偏好。然而,患者是所有指南的最终用户,在指南制定过程中患者的充分合作应该成为规范。

在执行这些风险分层建议时,有几点需要注意。首先,新的指导着眼于改善心肾预后,但改变生活方式、有效控制血糖以减少微血管疾病的风险和生活质量的损害,以及降低心血管风险的各种策略(包括积极控制血压和血脂)仍然是2型糖尿病患者护理的基础。第二,支持这些风险分层建议的证据来自纳入心血管疾病或高危心血管疾病患者的心血管结局试验。对于低风险患者是否存在足够有力的证据是有争议的。第三,尽管有证据表明益处和风险可能存在差异,但指南没有考虑在两个治疗类别中选择单个药物。

迫切需要向2型糖尿病患者、他们的家庭以及他们的医疗保健提供者提供明确的信息,以支持为优化心血管和肾脏健康的个体化治疗作出共同决策。由患者、临床医生和方法论专家制定实用指南,并附有清晰、系统的知情建议,提供了一个可行动的路线图,指导将可能挽救生命的疗法纳入患者护理。

原文出处

Guo JSmith S MNewer drug treatments for type 2 diabetes BMJ 2021; 373 :n1171 doi:10.1136/bmj.n1171

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    2022-01-29 gaoxiaoe
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    2021-05-13 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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    2021-05-12 逍遥医生

    精彩

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    2021-05-12 ms2000001051330459

    学习了,涨知识了!

    0

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