BMJ全新Meta分析:膳食脂肪对糖尿病的影响可能没那么大!

2019-09-05 dr. 苹果 医咖会

多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)主要包括omega-3、omega-6和omega-9。鱼类及一些植物油(亚麻籽油、菜籽油、橄榄油等)中富含omega-3(包括长链omega-3和α亚麻酸)和omega-6。PUFA和单不饱和脂肪酸被人们归类为“好脂肪”,“坏脂肪”则是指饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸。2015-2020美国饮食指南推荐“坏脂肪”的摄入≤10%的总热量,并且以“好脂肪”作为替代。充分的证据支

多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)主要包括omega-3、omega-6和omega-9。鱼类及一些植物油(亚麻籽油、菜籽油、橄榄油等)中富含omega-3(包括长链omega-3和α亚麻酸)和omega-6。

PUFA和单不饱和脂肪酸被人们归类为“好脂肪”,“坏脂肪”则是指饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸。

2015-2020美国饮食指南推荐“坏脂肪”的摄入≤10%的总热量,并且以“好脂肪”作为替代。充分的证据支持减少“坏脂肪”摄入而增加“好脂肪”摄入可有效降低心血管疾病发病率及死亡率。美国糖尿病学会(ADA)、英国国家卓越医疗服务研究院(NICE)等推荐摄入富含PUFA的饮食以作为预防和治疗糖尿病的目的。

尽管有权威指南背书,但PUFA对糖代谢影响以及对2型糖尿病预防作用目前仍然没有达到统一的结论。某些研究提示富含PUFA和omega-3的饮食可显着增加空腹血糖,或者对糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)无显着影响。

此外,虽然全球疾病负担数据显示可同时增加长链omega-3和omega-6的摄入,但分子机制研究则表明omega-3和omega-6在某些代谢通路的作用上存在竞争关系,因此适当的omega-3/omega-6比例较单纯地增加其中一方的摄入也许更有意义。

针对上述有待解决的问题,最近在BMJ上发表了一项系统综述和荟萃分析,全面分析总的PUFA及不同类型PUFA对糖尿病结局及糖代谢指标的影响(图1)。

研究目的

评估omega-3、omega-6及总PUFA水平对糖尿病风险及糖代谢的影响。

研究方法

数据来源:

在Cochrane CENTRAL、Medline、Embase数据库中检索截至2017年4月的临床研究,在clinical Trial.com及WHO国际临床研究登记平台中检索截至2016年9月的研究,并检索截至2018年12月正在进行的研究。

研究入选的标准:

为期≥24周的比较高摄入与低摄入omega-3、omega-6和/或总PUFA的随机对照临床研究;

干预的手段包括饮食指导、补充(如直接进食油类、食物或胶囊)或提供饮食;

主要研究终点为新诊断糖尿病、新诊断糖尿病前期、血糖控制情况、血清胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗。

统计分析包括采用相对风险和平均差异的随机效应荟萃分析,以及敏感性分析,采用Cochrane工具评估研究偏倚的风险,采用GRADE进行研究质量的评估。

研究结果

共纳入83项随机对照研究,涉及12万余受试者,大部分研究评估长链omega-3的作用。

长链omega-3对糖尿病风险及糖代谢指标的影响(表1):

60项研究评估了长链omega-3对各主要结局的影响,其中10项研究的偏倚风险处于低水平。

表1:比较高摄入与低摄入长链omega-3和α亚麻酸对主要结局的影响



较摄入低组相比,高摄入omega-3:

对糖尿病风险无显着影响(相对风险为1.00,95%CI 0.85-1.17);

对HbA1c水平、HOMA-IR(胰岛素抵抗的指标)、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平无显着影响。

根据不同的剂量进行亚组分层,发现长链oemga-3的摄入量>4.4g/天时,对糖尿病风险、HbA1c水平、HOMA-IR及血浆葡萄糖水平产生不利的影响。

α亚麻酸对糖尿病风险及糖代谢指标的影响(表1):

12项研究评估了α亚麻酸对各主要结局的影响,其中一项偏倚风险处于低水平。

较摄入低组相比,高摄入α亚麻酸:

对糖尿病风险的影响不确定,因证据质量非常低;

对HbA1c水平、HOMA-IR、空腹血糖、无显着影响;

可显着增加空腹胰岛素水平(增加约7%,但证据质量低)。

Omega-6对糖尿病风险及糖代谢指标的影响:

11项研究评估了omega-6对各主要结局的影响,所有研究的偏倚风险较高。

较摄入低者相比,高摄入omega-6:

对糖尿病发生风险的影响暂不清楚;

对HbA1c水平无显着影响;

对HOMA-IR、血浆葡萄糖、空腹胰岛素的影响暂不清楚。

总PUFA水平对糖尿病风险及糖代谢指标的影响:

8项研究评估了总的PUFA水平或omega-3+omega-6对各主要结局的影响,所有研究的偏倚风险较高。

较摄入低者相比,高摄入PUFA:

对糖尿病发生风险的影响暂不清楚;

对HbA1c水平、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素无显着影响;

对HOMA-IR的影响暂不清楚。

此外,在评估omega-3/omega-6比率对糖尿病或糖代谢指标方面的影响,发现其对糖尿病风险(图2)及空腹胰岛素影响暂不清楚,而对HbA1c水平、HOMA-IR或空腹血糖方面没有看到显着影响。

研究结论

本研究显示,增加omega-3、omega-6或总PUFA摄入量,并未对2型糖尿病的预防和治疗产生显着影响。

本研究是对目前所有随机对照研究进行的最广泛的系统性分析。本研究显示,无论是在饮食中增加PUFA,还是直接给予PUFA的补充剂,均没有足够证据显示其对糖尿病诊断率及糖代谢指标方面的改善作用。

如果是为了预防糖尿病或者改善糖代谢而在日常饮食中刻意增加PUFA的摄入,可能获益并不大。此外,有研究显示,增加长链omega-3的补充可有效降低甘油三酯水平。

但值得注意的是,在本研究的亚组分析中,长链omega-3摄入水平>4.4g/天对糖代谢可产生不利的影响。血脂异常本身与糖尿病存在密切的关系,因此,如果以改善甘油三酯水平为目的而增加长链omega-3摄入,也应该要适可而止。

参考文献:BMJ. 2019 Aug 21;366: l4697

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    2020-04-20 guojianrong
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    2019-10-16 gaoxiaoe
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    2020-01-25 一闲
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    2019-09-07 heli0118
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    2019-09-05 misszhang

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