出生2天就频繁昏睡,邻居都夸孩子很乖,没想到竟是“甜蜜杀手”在作祟!

2024-12-02 梅斯罕见新前沿 MedSci原创 发表于陕西省

小婉出生后出现嗜睡等低血糖症状,确诊先天性高胰岛素血症(CHI),介绍 CHI 是儿童顽固性低血糖主因、发病率、危害、临床表现、诊断及治疗,为相关疾病认知提供参考。

小婉刚出生两天便表现出嗜睡、吃奶困难、哭声微弱。父母起初以为只是刚出生的宝宝不适应外界环境,但第二天护士发现她频繁出现面色苍白,并伴有无力的抽动。紧急血糖检测显示,小婉的血糖仅为1.5 mmol/L(正常新生儿下限为2.6 mmol/L),远低于正常值。

转至儿科重症监护室后,医生通过反复测量发现,小婉的血糖波动异常频繁,且需要持续输入高浓度葡萄糖才能维持正常水平。结合症状和胰岛素水平检查,医生马上为小婉安排了基因检测,最终的结果证明了医生的猜想:先天性高胰岛素血症(CHI)。

什么是CHI?

先天性高胰岛素血症CHI)是由于胰腺β细胞功能失调、胰岛素持续释放导致血胰岛素水平不适当增高而致低血糖的内分泌疾病。CHI是儿童顽固性低血糖的主要病因。国外发病率1/50 000~1/30 000,我国发病情况不详。低血糖可导致不可逆的严重脑损伤,后遗症发生率高达25%~50%,救治不及时甚至死亡。

临床表现

1.典型临床表现:

(1)急性期表现:婴儿期表现不典型,可表现面色苍白、哭闹、嗜睡、体温不升等,重者惊厥发作;随年龄增长症状逐渐典型,表现为交感神经兴奋症状,如出汗、颤抖、心悸、焦虑、饥饿、心率加快,严重时出现惊厥、嗜睡、昏迷等意识改变,甚至危及生命。

(2)慢性期表现:高胰岛素血症性低血糖(HH)持续或反复发作,可致植物神经钝化,症状不如初发时明显,但在长时间空腹、感染、应激等情形下可加重。反复或持续性低血糖可导致运动言语发育延迟或注意力、记忆、视觉和感觉运动功能缺陷和癫痫等;暂时性CHI患儿也有神经发育缺陷的风险。

2.特殊临床表现:CHI通常仅有胰岛素分泌功能异常而无全身脏器显著发育畸形,基因型与临床表型间不一定存在显著关联;但综合征性HH除胰岛素高分泌外,还伴全身多器官发育异常。

诊断

发生低血糖的临床诊断依据:不同年龄患儿生理功能及应激反应能力存在差异,推荐临床诊断按年龄分层。

①新生儿出生48 h内体内各项指标尚未稳定,推荐依据生后48h及以后的血糖水平和临床表现;

②婴儿和幼年儿童推荐低血糖症状且指尖血糖<3.3mmol/L,年长儿指尖血糖<3mmol/L;③对于可清晰描述低血症状的儿童,推荐采用“Whipple法则”,即症状的发生符合低血糖发生规律(空腹、禁食或运动后)、出现症状时测得低血糖、血糖升高后症状好转。

生化检查:除血常规、肝肾功能电解质、甲状腺功能可常规检查外,CHI治疗后血糖正常时检测指标多无诊断意义;应在低血糖发作时进行或在除外脂肪酸或肉碱代谢缺陷后,在安全的环境下(密切血糖监测、急救措施完备),对患儿禁食后行空腹诊断试验,在静脉血糖<2.8mmol/L时采集血液标本,条件许可时采血后即行胰高血糖素激发试验;怀疑蛋白敏感低血糖需行蛋白餐负荷试验;怀疑SLC16A1基因缺陷的大年龄儿童可行运动激发试验。

治疗

图片

参考资料:

1.中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组,中华儿科杂志编辑委员会. 先天性高胰岛素血症性低血糖诊治专家共识(2022). 中华儿科杂志,2023,61(05):412-417. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20221031-00924

2.袁勇,王卫华,金荣,等.1例新生儿先天性高胰岛素血症低血糖维持治疗的药学服务实践[J].儿科药学杂志,2022,28(08):16-20.DOI:10.13407/j.cnki.jpp.1672-108X.2022.08.005.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2241201, encodeId=b7502241201ce, content=CHI是儿童顽固性低血糖的主要病因。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=db489112955, createdName=ms5000000707039972, createdTime=Sat Dec 07 10:56:43 CST 2024, time=2024-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240473, encodeId=010c22404e371, content=临床极少遇见的疾病,!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=9, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20c53431821, createdName=13013f32m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Dec 03 00:40:01 CST 2024, time=2024-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240469, encodeId=5039224046975, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f275032126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#期刊论坛#</a>感谢老师分享的病例!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50321, encryptionId=8f275032126, topicName=期刊论坛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b4406448235, createdName=刘桂林, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 23:03:53 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240449, encodeId=9b76224044934, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=7, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 20:46:10 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=山西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240445, encodeId=aea7224044518, content=嗜睡 苍白 血糖低的临床表现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=6, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200624/b7a6102cc78140bd8a43fc1f5fafb0d4/86325fa031bc4aff97a640f9ec2f8c4e.jpg, createdBy=92185393955, createdName=woolin, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 20:27:24 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=河南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240306, encodeId=0d62224030677, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=47c7263550d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#低血糖#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=498828690ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性高胰岛素血症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=11, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26355, encryptionId=47c7263550d, topicName=低血糖), TopicDto(id=28690, encryptionId=498828690ea, topicName=先天性高胰岛素血症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cade5395722, createdName=梅斯管理员, createdTime=Sun Dec 01 22:49:10 CST 2024, time=2024-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=陕西省)]
    2024-12-07 ms5000000707039972 来自山东省

    CHI是儿童顽固性低血糖的主要病因。

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2241201, encodeId=b7502241201ce, content=CHI是儿童顽固性低血糖的主要病因。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=db489112955, createdName=ms5000000707039972, createdTime=Sat Dec 07 10:56:43 CST 2024, time=2024-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240473, encodeId=010c22404e371, content=临床极少遇见的疾病,!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=9, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20c53431821, createdName=13013f32m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Dec 03 00:40:01 CST 2024, time=2024-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240469, encodeId=5039224046975, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f275032126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#期刊论坛#</a>感谢老师分享的病例!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50321, encryptionId=8f275032126, topicName=期刊论坛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b4406448235, createdName=刘桂林, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 23:03:53 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240449, encodeId=9b76224044934, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=7, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 20:46:10 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=山西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240445, encodeId=aea7224044518, content=嗜睡 苍白 血糖低的临床表现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=6, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200624/b7a6102cc78140bd8a43fc1f5fafb0d4/86325fa031bc4aff97a640f9ec2f8c4e.jpg, createdBy=92185393955, createdName=woolin, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 20:27:24 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=河南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240306, encodeId=0d62224030677, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=47c7263550d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#低血糖#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=498828690ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性高胰岛素血症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=11, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26355, encryptionId=47c7263550d, topicName=低血糖), TopicDto(id=28690, encryptionId=498828690ea, topicName=先天性高胰岛素血症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cade5395722, createdName=梅斯管理员, createdTime=Sun Dec 01 22:49:10 CST 2024, time=2024-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=陕西省)]
    2024-12-03 13013f32m56暂无昵称 来自河北省

    临床极少遇见的疾病,!!!

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2241201, encodeId=b7502241201ce, content=CHI是儿童顽固性低血糖的主要病因。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=db489112955, createdName=ms5000000707039972, createdTime=Sat Dec 07 10:56:43 CST 2024, time=2024-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240473, encodeId=010c22404e371, content=临床极少遇见的疾病,!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=9, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20c53431821, createdName=13013f32m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Dec 03 00:40:01 CST 2024, time=2024-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240469, encodeId=5039224046975, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f275032126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#期刊论坛#</a>感谢老师分享的病例!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50321, encryptionId=8f275032126, topicName=期刊论坛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b4406448235, createdName=刘桂林, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 23:03:53 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240449, encodeId=9b76224044934, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=7, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 20:46:10 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=山西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240445, encodeId=aea7224044518, content=嗜睡 苍白 血糖低的临床表现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=6, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200624/b7a6102cc78140bd8a43fc1f5fafb0d4/86325fa031bc4aff97a640f9ec2f8c4e.jpg, createdBy=92185393955, createdName=woolin, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 20:27:24 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=河南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240306, encodeId=0d62224030677, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=47c7263550d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#低血糖#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=498828690ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性高胰岛素血症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=11, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26355, encryptionId=47c7263550d, topicName=低血糖), TopicDto(id=28690, encryptionId=498828690ea, topicName=先天性高胰岛素血症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cade5395722, createdName=梅斯管理员, createdTime=Sun Dec 01 22:49:10 CST 2024, time=2024-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=陕西省)]
    2024-12-02 刘桂林 来自辽宁省

    #期刊论坛#感谢老师分享的病例!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2241201, encodeId=b7502241201ce, content=CHI是儿童顽固性低血糖的主要病因。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=db489112955, createdName=ms5000000707039972, createdTime=Sat Dec 07 10:56:43 CST 2024, time=2024-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240473, encodeId=010c22404e371, content=临床极少遇见的疾病,!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=9, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=20c53431821, createdName=13013f32m56暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Dec 03 00:40:01 CST 2024, time=2024-12-03, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240469, encodeId=5039224046975, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8f275032126' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#期刊论坛#</a>感谢老师分享的病例!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50321, encryptionId=8f275032126, topicName=期刊论坛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b4406448235, createdName=刘桂林, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 23:03:53 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240449, encodeId=9b76224044934, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=7, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 20:46:10 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=山西省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240445, encodeId=aea7224044518, content=嗜睡 苍白 血糖低的临床表现, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=6, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200624/b7a6102cc78140bd8a43fc1f5fafb0d4/86325fa031bc4aff97a640f9ec2f8c4e.jpg, createdBy=92185393955, createdName=woolin, createdTime=Mon Dec 02 20:27:24 CST 2024, time=2024-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=河南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2240306, encodeId=0d62224030677, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=47c7263550d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#低血糖#</a> <a href='/topic/show?id=498828690ea' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性高胰岛素血症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=11, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=26355, encryptionId=47c7263550d, topicName=低血糖), TopicDto(id=28690, encryptionId=498828690ea, topicName=先天性高胰岛素血症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cade5395722, createdName=梅斯管理员, createdTime=Sun Dec 01 22:49:10 CST 2024, time=2024-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=陕西省)]
    2024-12-02 医鸣惊人 来自山西省

    认真学习了

    0

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    2024-12-02 woolin 来自河南省

    嗜睡 苍白 血糖低的临床表现

    0

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