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同性性行为无法繁衍后代，为何没在进化过程中被淘汰？

2021-08-30 梅斯医学 MedSci原创

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科学家们早在很久以前就知道动物会和同性别的个体进行性行为。目前已观察到存在同性别性行为的物种已超过1500种，且极具多样性，从灵长类到海星，从蝙蝠到豆娘蜻蜓，从蛇类到线虫类。

科学家们早在很久以前就知道动物会和同性别的个体进行性行为。目前已观察到存在同性别性行为的物种已超过1500种，且极具多样性，从灵长类到海星，从蝙蝠到豆娘蜻蜓，从蛇类到线虫类。
 
在最近的几十年，无论是各种新假说还是各项新实验，该领域的研究重点往往集中在人类或动物群体为什么要进行一种无法实现种族繁衍的性行为。
 
近期，由澳大利亚昆士兰大学研究人员于Nature Human Behaviour上发表的最新大规模研究表明，与同性性行为有关的遗传效应，在仅参与异性性行为的人身上与求偶优势有关，也就是说其有益于异性恋者的求偶和进一步的繁衍后代。这一研究结果就解释了为何在历史长河中同性性行为持续存在的意义。
 
doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01168-8
 
该研究涉及477522人（来自英国和美国）的全基因组关联研究（GWAS）中，分析了同性性行为（相对于从未与同性发生性行为）的遗传效应。他们还在一项GWAS中估计了这两个国家358426人异性性行为的遗传效应，这些研究对象仅拥有异性伴侣，并报告了自己人生中有过的伴侣数量。作者发现与同性性行为有关的遗传效应，在仅有过异性伴侣的人当中与拥有更多异性伴侣有关，也就是存在求偶优势并在进化中会带来更多的后代。
 
SSB的多基因分数与OSB个体的性伴侣数量以及与性吸引力的关系
 
研究人员也提醒，这项研究也有一定局限性，英国和美国样本的文化特异性、这些人群中性行为的社会监管、衡量交配成功率的困难以及测量的变体只占性状中总遗传变异的少数，因此，还需进一步研究确认这些研究结果可以推广至更广泛的人群。。
 
人类性行为复杂多变，尽管其在生物学和社会学上具有重要意义，但其潜在的发展途径和性行为中个体差异的来源并不十分清楚。现如今，大多数研究人类性行为的科学家都认识到，在形成性行为和性认同的过程中，是受到生物、心理和文化等多种因素的综合影响。遗传学研究有可能通过识别特定的基因和生物过程来贡献重要的新信息，这些基因和生物过程与环境和社会动态相结合，参与性表达。
 
事实上，早2019 年，同样是此次研究团队联合进行了迄今为止关于性行为取向规模最大的全基因组分析（GWAS）研究，指出基因组特征仅能部分解释同性性行为，不存在单一的“同性恋基因”，并揭示了人类性行为复杂的遗传基础，当年结果发表在 Science 上。
 
DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7693.
 
研究发现5 个与同性性行为显著相关的位点，其中 2 个与所有人群的同性性行为相关，2 个仅与男性同性性行为相关，1 个仅与女性同性性行为相关。进一步利用特殊的位点遗传分析技术对这5个基因座进行分析，结果表明，每个基因座对同性性行为的影响程度上限也就保持在8%~25%之间。而将GWAS产出结果综合起来分析时，基因能解释同性性行为的已降到1%以下。
 
同性性行为 GWAS 分析曼哈顿图。图中红色菱形表示对男性和女性都显著的位点，蓝色向上箭头表示对女性显著对位点，绿色向下箭头表示对男性显著的位点。
 
此外，传统观点假设个体在同性身上感受到的性吸引力越是强烈，在异性身上感受到的性吸引力就越微弱，传统的金赛量表（Kinsey Scale）就是基于这个假设，按照 0～6 分为个体性取向评分，0 分表示“完全异性恋”，6 分表示“完全同性恋”，而该研究也推翻了这一猜想，指出性取向并非单一的连续谱，也就是说，同性恋性取向与异性恋性取向并非此消彼长的关系。
 
GWAS揭示了五个位点和高度多基因性
 
该研究证明了同性性行为底层的遗传机制是高度复杂的，不存在单一的决定性遗传因素，此前所测量的常见突变都仅能在群体层面上部分解释同性性行为的遗传力，无法对个体的性偏好作出有意义的预测。
 
由这项研究引发的学术争论，还一度成为科学家探讨的焦点，由此共连发3篇Science，详情可戳既往文章链接：神仙打架？两团队因争论同性恋基因问题，连发3篇Science！
 
今天的大众和科学家对同性别性行为缺乏全面认识，对这种现象在生物界的存在广泛性也不甚明了。究其原因，很大程度上是因为历史上科学界曾经把动物的这种习性视为一种不得体的、无意义的、极其偶然罕见的现象。
 
在2019年一篇发表于《自然生态与进化》（Nature Ecology and Evolution）的文章中，有学者曾回顾了科学家们提出的关于同性性行为持续存在的假说与理论，其中提到：人们普遍认为生物同性别性行为是一种代价极高的浪费。因为进行该行为的生物个体投入了大量时间、能量以及生存资源，却没有获得生物适应性方面的显著回报。当对比生物的同性别性行为以及非同性别性行为时，人们经常提起并夸大这种浪费。由于非同性别性行为显然可以延续后代，并提高种族的生物适应性，因此通过比较科学家们推断：非同性别性行为的效率极高。
生态、进化和发展因素可能影响SSB（同性性行为）的表达doi:10.1038/s41559-019-1019-7
 
然而事实并非如此。

生物通常要进行大量交配活动才可以获得数量相对很少的后代，而且有大量的潜在因素可以导致非同性别性行为无法延续后代。也就是说，生物的异性性行为同样是一种巨大的浪费。
 
科学界目前还没有明确的解释同性性行为的统一结论，其对人类以及生物界的繁衍、进化是否真的有其价值，一定也受到了诸多因素的影响。但有一句话可以为其撑腰：存在即合理。
 
相信这个世界会越来越和谐，可以容纳更多不同的声音。
 

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    2022-09-26 ms9000001250388574

    显示不全

    0

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    2021-09-01 xugc

    #性行为#

    0

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    2021-08-30 泽9867

    人就是怪物，没有什么准则的

    0

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    2021-08-30 悠悠sunny

    多点包容，世界更美好

    0

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    2021-08-30 ms5000001870320334

    存在即合理

    0

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    2021-08-30 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0