Nature:挑战常规,绝大多数人肠道细菌能够在体外培养

2016-05-07 佚名 生物谷

研究人员在论文中写道,“环境中的艰难梭菌孢子在释放后长时间内具有高度传染性,通常在局部进行传播,但也能够潜在地快速扩散到较远的地方。”图片来自Wikimedia/Cjc2nd。 微生物几乎在地球每个环境中蓬勃生长,但是令人吃惊的是,已知当在实验室中培养时,只有一小部分能够茁壮成长。因此,研究人肠道微生物组主要采用基因组方法。如今,在一项新的研究中,通过将微生物培养实验和基因组方法结合在一起,来自

研究人员在论文中写道,“环境中的艰难梭菌孢子在释放后长时间内具有高度传染性,通常在局部进行传播,但也能够潜在地快速扩散到较远的地方。”

微生物几乎在地球每个环境中蓬勃生长,但是令人吃惊的是,已知当在实验室中培养时,只有一小部分能够茁壮成长。因此,研究人肠道微生物组主要采用基因组方法。如今,在一项新的研究中,通过将微生物培养实验和基因组方法结合在一起,来自英国韦尔科姆基金会桑格学院研究所(Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute)等机构的研究人员及其同事证实与广泛接受的观念---大多数微生物在体外是“不能培养的(unculturable)”---相反的是,大多数已知的肠道微生物物种能够在体外培养和保存。这些研究结果揭示出很多之前“不能培养的”肠道微生物属于新的群体,而且为了在人体外存活下来,它们当中将近60%形成孢子。相关研究结果于2016年5月4日在线发表在Nature期刊上,论文标题为“Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation”。

美国北卡莱罗纳大学微生物学教授James Oliver(未参与这项研究)说道,“这真地是一项非常完美的研究,它面面俱到,作出重要贡献。”

为了评估多少人肠道菌群在体外能够培养,来自韦尔科姆基金会桑格学院研究所的Trevor Lawley和同事们开始利用来自6名健康人的新鲜粪便样品开展研究。他们对这些样品进行测序以便从中鉴定出细菌多样性,在含有YCFA培养基的培养皿上培养来自这些样品的细菌,然后对原始样品的基因组测序数据与能够在培养皿中生长的细菌菌种的基因组测序数据进行比较。他们报道,这些基因组序列的72%在这两者之间是相同的,而且来自这些在体外可培养的细菌菌落的基因组序列代表着一种更加大型的涉及318人肠道微生物组的数据集中存在的全部基因的39%。不过,研究人员发现为了匹配通过对粪便样品直接测序可能达到的菌种检测水平,在培养皿上能够培养800万个细菌菌落。

Oliver认为,这些方法能够应用于其他的自然环境中,如海洋和土壤。他说,“人们总是利用分子方法开展研究,这是因为体外培养方法只能培养[这些环境中的]一小部分微生物。”

总体上,研究人员分离出137种截然不同的细菌种类,它们当中的90%位于人类微生物组项目(Human Microbiome Project)中“最想要的”但之前不能在体外培养的也没有测序过的微生物清单中。研究人员分离和保存的这些细菌菌落一起代表着在这6名研究参与者体内鉴定出的细菌群体的90%。Lawley说,“在此之前,人们的一般观点是只能培养这些菌群中的1~5%。但是,我们声称实际上能够培养它们当中的绝大多数。”

基于提示着肠道微生物群落中的很多菌种为了在人体外生存而形成孢子的基因组数据,Lawley团队杀死活的细菌,结果发现几种菌种---共生菌和致病菌---通过形成孢子存活下来。这些孢子只在人胆酸存在时才能萌发,这提示着肠道细菌在不同人之间传播时依赖孢子形成存活下来,而且依赖作为“定植信号(colonization cue)”的胆酸在肠道内生长。研究人员估计,这些形成孢子的菌种代表着肠道总菌群的30%。

Lawley说,之前对人肠道微生物组的研究“主要基于测序。” Lawley认为,这项突破确实允许他们继续开展功能性研究,和验证之前基于基因组序列的研究结果。

Oliver注意到,这些结果将允许在实验室对多种肠道微生物的功能和相互作用进行代表性地研究。他补充道,描述特定的细菌菌种的作用可能有助改善诸如治疗艰难梭菌(Clostridium difficile)感染和其他疾病的粪便菌群移植之类的疗法。

美国东北大学微生物学家Slava Epstein(未参与这项研究)说,总而言之,这些发现是“非常令人关注的和潜在重要的”,“它挑战了目前正在采用的微生物培养方法,同时提供大量希望---当然,前体是这项研究报道的成功在进一步的研究中能够再现

原始出处:

Hilary P. Browne, Samuel C. Forster, Blessing O. Anonye, Nitin Kumar, B. Anne Neville, Mark D. Stares, David Goulding & Trevor D. Lawley.Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.Nature.doi:10.1038/nature17645

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    2017-04-07 liye789132251
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    2016-05-10 1de92651m76(暂无匿称)

    行走的大便

    0

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    2016-05-09 jaysppr

    大便胶囊,新药品

    0

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    2016-05-08 stead

    学习了,很好的

    0

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    2016-05-08 stead

    学习了,很好的

    0

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    2016-05-07 李继凯

    不错的文章

    0

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据发表于Genome Medicine的一项新的研究显示,在同卵双胞胎上人类肠道细菌的类型和活性变化或可用于2型糖尿病的早期诊断。

Microbiome:控制特殊肠道细菌水平或帮助抑制严重腹泻

图片来源:medicalxpress.com 每个人都发生过腹泻,腹泻可因轻度到重度的程度对患者带来不同的影响;近日,来自密歇根州立大学的研究人员在国际杂志Microbiome上刊登了他们最新的研究成果,研究者发现,控制机体特殊肠道细菌的水平或可帮助抑制严重腹泻的发生。 仅在美国,大部分的腹泻都是由31种不同的食源性致病菌引起,这些食源性致病菌每年引发超过940万感染病例,大约5.6万患者

Cell Host & Microbe:你以为肠道细菌的数目决定它们功能是否强大么?错

无数研究结果表明,数以万亿计的肠道微生物对我们的健康至关重要。且研究人员发现,某些数量较少的肠道微生物也对人体健康发挥着不可替代的功能。

Nature:发现不同肠道微生物菌群之间互惠互利

人体中最多的成分是什么?细胞?基因?都不对,是微生物!它们的数量与人体细胞的比例达到10∶1。仅在我们人体肠道中,就含有超过100万亿个细菌,这些细菌有助于人体消化食物,产生维生素以预防食物中细菌所诱发的疾病,同时刺激免疫系统。肠壁中的所有这些细菌与身体的其余部分分离,肠壁作为一道选择性屏障发挥作用,只允许有用的物质通过,并在体内被吸收。随着研究深入,科学家发现肠道微生物在许多慢性疾病

PLoS One:肠道细菌有助于癌症的治疗!

已有研究人员表明,各种类型的肠道菌可能导致和预防肥胖,也会导致其他疾病。现在,加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)的一项研究表明,它可能也被用来减少某些类型癌症的风险。这项研究结果于4月13日发表在《PLOS ONE》杂志,提供证据表明,抗炎性“健康有益”肠道菌,能减缓或停止某些类型癌症的发展。本研究资深作者、UCLA病理学、环境卫生科学和放射肿瘤学教授Robert Schiestl表示,最终,医生可能

Biol Direct:在人类的肠道,有全新的第四种生命形式

我们的消化系统是细菌的港湾,它们怪异而奇妙。这些独特的住户不仅影响我们消化食物,甚至可能影响我们的思考和行为,而我们对此的理解才刚刚开始。新研究表明,人类肠道的境况比我们过去所认为的更加奇特。生物学家表示,为了描述这些小居民,我们可能需要定义一种全新类型的生命形式。巴黎第六大学的研究团队试图重新定义结肠内有机体的归类方式。它们研究了86个不同的基因家族,发现其DNA序列十分奇怪,不属于现今已知的三