“BETA”原则:冠心病患者如何使用β受体阻滞剂

2020-03-08 中国循环杂志 中国循环杂志

β受体阻滞剂已被证实可降低无禁忌证冠心病患者的全因死亡和心血管死亡风险。国内外权威指南一致推荐,β受体阻滞剂可作为无禁忌证的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)、稳定性冠心病(SCAD)以

β受体阻滞剂已被证实可降低无禁忌证冠心病患者的全因死亡和心血管死亡风险。国内外权威指南一致推荐,β受体阻滞剂可作为无禁忌证的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)、稳定性冠心病(SCAD)以及合并心力衰竭、高血压、心律失常和糖尿病等冠心病患者的一线或首选药物。在冠心病患者中,如何应用β受体阻滞剂呢?近日发布的《应用β肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂规范治疗冠心病的中国专家共识》提出了“BETA”原则,就不同患者人群使用β受体阻滞剂的临床指征、用法用量、治疗目标和疗程给出了明确建议。

 

共识摘要

 

(1)β受体阻滞剂广泛应用于冠心病的防治,是治疗ACS及SCAD患者的基石。

(2)冠心病患者β受体阻滞剂应用遵循“BETA”原则,即Beneficial assessment(获益评估)、Enoughdosage(足量应用)、Timely usage(及时使用)、Adequate titration(充分滴定)。

(3)如无禁忌证,推荐ACS患者入院24 h内口服β受体阻滞剂,或酌情静脉使用,应每日评估血压、心率等,结合缺血症状发作情况和心功能,在不低于靶心率的前提下,滴定至靶剂量或患者最大耐受剂量。

(4)糖尿病、COPD等不是β受体阻滞剂在冠心病患者应用的禁忌证,所有SCAD患者尤其是劳力型心绞痛患者均应使用β受体阻滞剂作为初始治疗。

(5)β受体阻滞剂应长期用药,是冠心病二级预防的基础药物之一。

(6)若冠心病患者住院期间未能达到滴定目标,出院后应在门诊继续滴定,建议患者在家规律监测血压和心率。

 

ACS患者使用β受体阻滞剂的要点

 

1. ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)

 

• 若无禁忌证,血流动力学稳定,应尽早(入院24 h内)应用β受体阻滞剂

• 每日评估血压、心率等,并结合缺血症状发作情况和心功能,在不低于靶心率的前提下,尽快滴定至靶剂量或最大耐受剂量

• 剂量调整应以靶剂量为标准,靶心率为55~60次/分

• 若住院期间未能达到滴定目标,出院后应在门诊继续滴定,建议患者在家规律监测血压和心率

• 应长期用药,是冠心病二级预防的基础药物之一

 

(1)临床应用推荐及原则

 

1.PNG

 

• 所有STEMI患者均属于高危人群,应进行二级预防干预。

• 建议STEMI患者在对禁忌证及临床综合情况评估后,在救护车上或急诊室及时使用,并尽早(入院24 h内)应用β受体阻滞剂。

• 若无明确禁忌,建议应长期接受β受体阻滞剂治疗。

 

2.PNG

 

(2)注意事项

 

对于有明确禁忌证、血流动力学不稳定或具有进展性心原性休克高危因素的STEMI患者[如>70岁、收缩压<120 mmHg、心率>110 次/分及其他低心排出量表现],应避免应用静脉β受体阻滞剂,建议病情稳定后开始口服治疗。

 

口服β受体阻滞剂的滴定过程也需考虑个体化治疗。剂量滴定过程中结合肺淤血、心律失常类型等情况综合考虑,监测心率在不低于靶心率的前提下,从小剂量起始逐渐滴定至靶剂量或最大耐受剂量并长期应用。

 

由于β受体阻滞剂可延长房室结不应期,急性下壁心肌梗死患者应谨慎使用。

 

部分STEMI患者会新发窦性心动过缓,通常具有自限性,无需特殊治疗,但在心动过缓消退前,需要暂缓应用β受体阻滞剂。若有症状或血流动力学不稳定的严重窦性心动过缓,应考虑使用阿托品或临时起搏治疗,在纠正后重新评估β受体阻滞剂的应用。

 

2. 非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)

 

• 心绞痛发作频繁、静息性胸痛、心动过速、血压较高的患者可考虑静脉应用

• 其他同STEMI部分

 

临床应用推荐同STEMI患者,余见表3。

 

3.PNG

 

临床应用主要原则同STEMI,应从小剂量起始用药,滴定至靶剂量或患者最大耐受剂量,急性期后持续长期用药。

 

t1.PNG

 

稳定性冠心病患者使用β受体阻滞剂的要点

 

• 所有SCAD患者,尤其是劳力型心绞痛患者,均应使用β受体阻滞剂作为初始治疗和长期治疗

• 既往有心肌梗死或左心室功能低下患者,应首选β受体阻滞剂治疗

• 若患者耐受,调整β受体阻滞剂剂量使静息心率控制在55~60次/分

 

4.PNG

 

只要无禁忌证,β受体阻滞剂应作为SCAD患者的初始治疗药物。相较于CCB,β受体阻滞剂在控制心绞痛、减少心血管事件方面更有效,可以控制运动引起的心绞痛发作,改善运动耐受性,减少有症状和无症状的心肌缺血事件,并且降低心肌梗死后和心力衰竭患者的死亡率,是治疗SCAD的基石。

 

推荐所有SCAD患者尤其是劳力型心绞痛患者,只要无禁忌证,均应使用β受体阻滞剂作为初始治疗,伴陈旧性心肌梗死、心力衰竭或高血压者应优先使用,以控制心肌缺血、预防心肌梗死和改善生存率。若β受体阻滞剂禁忌或不能耐受,可选用CCB类药物或硝酸酯类药物。

 

目前临床更倾向于使用选择性β1受体阻滞剂,如美托洛尔缓释剂型和比索洛尔。SCAD 患者β受体阻滞剂临床应用推荐见表4。

 

主要原则同STEMI和NSTE-ACS。个体化剂量起始,若患者能够耐受,逐渐递增至靶剂量或最大耐受剂量,使静息心率控制在55~60次/分。

 

多部指南均强调β受体阻滞剂应早期足量、长期应用,并强调剂量管理。稳定性心绞痛缓解期β受体阻滞剂的长期使用,建议实施分层管理:

 

(1)ACS后伴左心室射血分数(LVEF)≤ 40%等高危人群,建议β受体阻滞剂长期治疗;

 

(2)ACS后LVEF正常的人群,应持续用药≥3年,剂量达标至靶剂量。

 

t2.PNG

 

微血管性心绞痛患者使用β受体阻滞剂的要点

 

• β受体阻滞剂是微血管性心绞痛的一线治疗

 

微血管性心绞痛(MVA)治疗目前尚缺乏大规模随机临床研究证据,因此建议从经典的抗缺血药物开始,包括β受体阻滞剂、CCB和短效硝酸酯类药物。若症状持续,可联合二线药物,如雷诺嗪、尼可地尔、伊伐布雷定、长效硝酸酯类药物和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)等。

 

β受体阻滞剂可与硝酸酯类药物联合应用,抑制硝酸酯类药物可能引起的压力感受器介导的反射性心动过速和收缩力增强。硝酸酯类药物既可扩张静脉容量,抵消β受体阻滞剂介导的左心室舒张末期容积增加,又可扩张冠状动脉,降低β 受体阻滞剂可能引起的冠状动脉血管紧张度增加。

 

β受体阻滞剂也可以与二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂合用,以减少后者引发的反射性心动过速。二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂可降低β受体阻滞剂可能引起的冠状动脉血管紧张度增加。β受体阻滞剂与非二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂联合应用有严重心脏抑制的潜在风险,应慎重。

 

如何选择β受体阻滞剂滴定目标?

 

1. 靶剂量

 

常用β受体阻滞剂的靶剂量见表2。美托洛尔缓释剂型与酒石酸美托洛尔相比,血药浓度更加稳定,对患者心率控制也更平稳持久。

 

2. 靶心率为55~60次/分

 

靶心率55~60次/分应作为重要的治疗观测指标之一。建议以靶剂量作为β受体阻滞剂剂量滴定目标,静息心率作为交感神经激活有效抑制及药物安全性的参考指标之一。在心率不低于靶心率的前提下,尽快滴定至靶剂量或最大耐受剂量。若静息心率明显低于靶心率,或患者对剂量不耐受,需进行剂量下调,避免发生心动过缓。

 

测量心率时的注意事项:

 

(1)清晨自然醒(不用闹钟)后,起床前测得,以连续三天取平均值最为理想;

 

(2)也可在一天中任一时刻仰卧位或坐位休息10分钟后测得;

 

(3)通过心电图获得心率为首选,也可通过触摸脉搏(在无心律绝对不齐的情况下,如心房颤动和频发期前收缩)、心脏听诊计数心率获得;

 

(4)避免温度、噪音等过多干扰因素。家庭自测时应用自动血压计也可显示心率数值,能够避免白大衣效应。但有关家庭自测心率与不良心血管事件相关性的研究有限。家庭自测心率的频次通常为每天早晚各测量2次,取其均值。

 

f1.PNG

 

f2.PNG

 

原始出处:

应用β肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂规范治疗冠心病中国专家共识组. 应用β肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂规范治疗冠心病的中国专家共识. 中国循环杂志. 2020; 35(2): 108-123.

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    2021-02-10 小豁牙

    有收获

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    2020-09-30 zhyy88
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