预防性治疗潜伏感染是结核防控关键

2018-03-25 崔晓敬 曹彬 医师报

结核病活动期只是冰山一角,潜伏感染才是水面下真正的大冰山。研究显示,我国全人群中的结核分枝杆菌(MTB)潜伏感染率达13%~ 20%,对潜伏感染人群开展预防性治疗防止其发展成活动性结核病对于我国结核疫情控制有重要意义。

结核病活动期只是冰山一角,潜伏感染才是水面下真正的大冰山。研究显示,我国全人群中的结核分枝杆菌(MTB)潜伏感染率达13%~ 20%,对潜伏感染人群开展预防性治疗防止其发展成活动性结核病对于我国结核疫情控制有重要意义。


曹彬 教授

“隐形杀手”:结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染

研究显示,人初次感染MTB后,一生中约5~10%的概率会发展成为活动性结核病,而大部分人成为潜伏感染者。MTB潜伏感染(LTBI)是指宿主感染MTB后未发病,无活动性结核病的临床症状、影像学改变和细菌学证据,但结核菌素皮肤试验(TST)或γ干扰素释放试验(IGRA)阳性的一种特殊状态。

迄今为止,LTBI的诊断缺乏金标准,需通过检测宿主对MTB感染的特异性免疫反应,结合既往病史、症状表现、体格检查、胸部影像学检查及必要的痰液检查等除外活动性结核病后综合诊断。现有检测MTB感染的免疫反应的方法有TST和IGRAs。TST受到卡介苗接种影响,且其成分与诸多环境中非结核分枝杆菌有交叉,导致其假阳性率高,但该方法经济简便。IGRAs的特异度大大提高,但成本昂贵。然而,TST和IGRAs都不能区分既往感染和近期感染,亦不能区分活动性感染和潜伏感染。

避免耐药率增加  探索预防性治疗

预防性治疗指对LTBI人群进行预防性疫苗接种或服用抗结核药物。目前缺乏有效的疫苗,LTBI的预防性治疗以口服一线抗结核药物为主,通过减少已经感染MTB但尚未发展成活动性结核病的患者体内休眠菌的数量,使其复燃的风险降低。早期的预防性治疗项目取得了显着的效果。

我国对预防性治疗也有探索实践。我国5省市的结核病分子流行病学研究结果显示,31%的结核病例是由近期传播造成的。既往研究证明,通过延长服药时间来增强或延长预防性治疗保护效果的可行性并不高。预防性治疗存在“停药发病”的风险。再者,我国结核耐药形势严峻,耐药率高达38.8%,造成大量耐多药结核的潜伏感染者,使得预防性治疗难度增加。在我国,也应避免因预防性治疗而导致进一步增加耐药率。

高危人群应定期筛查ITBI风险

我国人口众多,又是结核高流行国家,对全体人群进行筛查LTBI有实际困难。对高危人群进行筛查和预防性治疗是现实可行的策略。目前已知的导致潜伏性结核发展至活动性结核病的高危因素包括活动性结核病密切接触者、器官移植、HIV感染、免疫抑制药物使用等。对这部分人群应进行筛查,如发现潜伏感染应予预防性治疗。其他如矽肺、糖尿病、慢性肾脏病需透析者、吸烟者、卫生保健工作者等结核病发病风险均有提高。是否需要预防性治疗国际上尚未达成共识。高危人群PPD阴性者也应定期筛查以尽早发现近期传播,有文献报道,对于使用依那西普的银屑病患者,可每3个月筛查LTBI风险,其他几种高危情况筛查LTBI的频率需进一步研究评价。

LTBI的预防性治疗对于控制结核病有重要意义结合我国国情,应限定接受预防性治疗的人群,积极开展相关研究探索适合国情的用药策略,以达到更好的保护性效果,提高依从性和治疗完成率,并最终降低结核病发病率。

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    2022-06-17 易水河

    学习学习了

    0

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    2018-03-25 秀红

    学习了

    0

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