Nature Reviews: 肠神经系统疾病研究综述

2022-08-26 brainnew神内神外 brainnew神内神外

肠神经系统是肠道屏障功能的关键调节剂,也是肠道稳态的调节剂。

肠神经系统(Enteric Nervous System, ENS)是周围神经系统的最大组成部分,与中枢神经系统的组件和功能极为相似。它是肠道屏障功能的关键调节剂,也是肠道稳态的调节剂。尽管肠神经系统在包括先天性巨结肠以及炎性和功能性肠病在内的先天性肠道神经病性疾病中的核心作用已广为人知,但其在全身性疾病中的作用尚不清楚。

目前研究表明肠神经系统失调很可能会导致神经退行性疾病的发生,如肌萎缩侧索硬化、多发性硬化、帕金森病和神经发育障碍(例如自闭症)等。

近期,来自德国海德堡大学的Beate Niesler等对ENS在胃肠道和全身性疾病中所发挥的作用进行了总结,并着重介绍了ENS与各种影响疾病表型形成的关键因素的相互作用,该综述于2021年1月29日发表于Nature Reviews杂志,题目为“Disorders of the enteric nervous system - a holistic view”。

要点总结

  • 作为肠道屏障功能和肠内稳态的有效调节剂,肠神经系统是疾病发病机制的关键因素。

  • 肠神经系统在人类健康和疾病中的作用往往被忽视,而且一些胃肠道症状也被忽略。

  • 除了在传统的肠神经病中发挥作用,越来越多的研究证明了肠神经系统在癌症、糖尿病、神经发育性疾病和神经退行性疾病中发挥重要作用。

  • 考虑到肠神经系统相关胃肠道症状在许多疾病的早期诊断中很重要(例如,帕金森综合征),越早做出诊断很有可能改善患病症状甚至可以阻止疾病向重症发展。

  • 为了更好地研究肠神经系统相关疾病的发病机制,需要运用更先进的工具开展研究。

1. 肠神经系统的发育

肠神经系统是由肠神经元和神经胶质细胞组成的网络体,它起源于神经嵴干细胞。而神经嵴干细胞在多种细胞因子及信号分子的参与下,经历增殖、迁移及分化过程,形成各种类型的肠道细胞。这些细胞分别表达不同的神经递质和神经肽,共同调控肠道的功能。外在和内在因素的变化,例如个体的生长因子,激素或维生素缺乏症,以及发育过程中的毒性,都可能影响个体的神经元亚型或整个肠神经系统。

2. 肠粘膜屏障和肠神经系统

ENS通常嵌入并被保护在肠壁内,但信号分子可以通过完整的粘膜屏障到达肠壁(图1)。

图1:肠神经系统在健康和疾病状态下的组织

3. 肠神经系统疾病

肠神经疾病是ENS的主要疾病,表现为肠神经系统的结构和功能受损。它们包括先天性原发性神经发育性ENS疾病,如先天性巨结肠和食道失弛症,其中受损的ENS推动了疾病的发生发展。

 4. 肠神经系统的内部因素

遗传因素塑造肠神经系统表型,代表了肠神经系统疾病的内在因素。该综述分别总结了遗传因素在先天性巨结肠、食道失弛症和常见的神经胃肠疾病中的作用。其中,与先天性巨结肠表型相关的基因不少于25个,这些基因所在的通路包括胶质细胞相关通路(RET、GDNF、NTN、SOX10、PHOX2B)、内皮素相关通路(EDN3、EDNRB、SOX10)和TGF-β信号通路(ZFHX1B)等。

5. 肠神经系统的外部因素

许多疾病发作都与饮食有关,胃肠道疾病和ENS疾病也是如此(图2)。

图2:塑造肠神经系统结构和功能的外部和内部因素

6. 肠神经系统和神经退行性疾病

人类最常见的神经退行性疾病有肌萎缩侧索硬化、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、多发性硬化和帕金森病,这些疾病的病因目前尚不清楚。肠神经系统是发掘这些疾病发病机制的一个新方向。该综述详细介绍了肠神经系统在这些疾病发病机理中的可能作用。1989年,β淀粉样蛋白在阿尔茨海默病患者和正常老年人肠道组织中被发现。我们都知道,APP在ENS中是正常表达的,其对胃肠道的活动性、免疫和分泌均起着重要的作用。APP转基因小鼠模型表现出肠神经元的β淀粉样蛋白沉积,随后神经元组织减少,导致胃肠对炎症反应易感并出现功能失调。这些发现提示ENS可能参与到阿尔茨海默病的病理生理机制中,提醒着临床医生需要重视患者的胃肠道症状。

7. 肠神经系统和肿瘤

有关ENS与肿瘤相互作用的现有研究主要集中在胃肠道中ENS组分的形态变化,特别是在大肠癌(CRC)的环境下(图3)。

图3. ENS和肿瘤

8. 糖尿病和肠神经系统

肠神经系统通过肠-胰腺环路参与激活胰腺的过程。由于肠神经系统具有葡萄糖传感器,并与肠壁的营养敏感肠嗜铬细胞偶联,因此它与营养状况紧密相关,并且对代谢异常(例如与糖尿病有关的异常)敏感。研究发现,在糖尿病动物模型中存在大量的肠神经元丢失,并且也有证据表明2型糖尿病患者的胃肠道神经元受损,尤其在胃部,这一结果可能解释存在胃肠道症状的人群有较高的风险罹患糖尿病。

9. 当前研究的缺陷

在过去的十年里,结合表观遗传学、微生物群学和体外电生理学等方法,关于肠神经系统的研究已经取得了丰富的成果。但是由于一直以来我们缺乏对胃肠道的不同解剖区域影响正常功能以及疾病表型的了解,因此相较于中枢神经系统的研究,肠神经系统的研究并不充分。另外,虽然高通量测序方法的发展使我们能够在很短的时间内获得大量数据,但是如何滤除与疾病机制相关的遗传变异并在功能上进行解释是一个很大的挑战。迄今为止,由于肠神经系统在人类中不容易评估和分析,以及缺乏胃肠道活检,肠神经系统在其病理生理和临床表型中的作用很大程度上被忽略。

结 论

除了肠道疾病,肠神经系统还在其他疾病中起重要作用,包括自闭症和神经退行性疾病以及癌症。研究表明,肠神经系统和肠道可能是神经退行性疾病发病的起始部位。由于个体遗传易感性和暴露于特定的因素(包括饮食或炎症)之间没有线性关系,我们很难预测某个个体的疾病的发生和发展。肠神经系统是否以及怎样在个体疾病中发挥作用,需要将个体遗传因素和环境因素(例如营养、毒素和肠道微生物组)或者生命周期中某个特定时间点结合起来判断。

临床医生需要改变他们对肠神经系统在不同表型疾病中作用的看法:肠神经系统以及肠道运动和胃肠功能可以成为任何疾病的起点或靶标;同时,肠神经系统不仅是导致神经系统疾病的重要因子,也可能是实现疾病治疗的潜在介导因子。肠神经系统可以通过营养、特定细菌、益生菌和益生元等进行调节,进而预防、治愈或至少缓解神经退行性疾病、自身免疫性疾病和过敏等疾病的发生或发展。

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    2022-07-20 xugumin
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