Cell:一种抗癌药可预防儿童脑细胞生长和学习障碍

2012-09-05 生物通 生物通

根据一项最新的动物研究,一种最初开发用于终止恶性肿瘤的药物有可能有潜力防止一些儿童的异常脑细胞生长以及学习障碍,如果他们能得到早期确诊。 这一令人惊讶的研究发现为开展更多的研究针对罹患神经纤维瘤病(neurofibromatosis 1,NF1)和其他累及相同细胞信号通路疾病的年幼儿童,如何有可能将抗肿瘤药物治疗用于保护他们的发育大脑创造了条件。 来自密歇根大学医学院的科学家们和他们的同事将在

根据一项最新的动物研究,一种最初开发用于终止恶性肿瘤的药物有可能有潜力防止一些儿童的异常脑细胞生长以及学习障碍,如果他们能得到早期确诊。

这一令人惊讶的研究发现为开展更多的研究针对罹患神经纤维瘤病(neurofibromatosis 1,NF1)和其他累及相同细胞信号通路疾病的年幼儿童,如何有可能将抗肿瘤药物治疗用于保护他们的发育大脑创造了条件。

来自密歇根大学医学院的科学家们和他们的同事将在小鼠中获得的研究结果发表在了《细胞》(Cell)杂志上。这些结果对于了解可转变为不同脑细胞的干细胞也同样具有重要意义。

神经纤维瘤病在儿童中的发病率为1/3000,可导致全身生长良性肿瘤、大头和其他问题。许多神经纤维瘤病患儿在学习读写、做数学和行为等方面也存在障碍。

对于脑功能的影响被认为是神经纤维瘤病引起的最常见的严重问题,并常常在其他症状之前出现,除了皮肤上的棕色斑常被误认为是胎记。尽管大部分在生命后期发作的肿瘤获得了充分的研究,科学家们对于神经纤维瘤病对脑功能的影响仍然并不清楚。

一种抗癌药的新用途

在这篇文章中,研究小组研究了神经干细胞,这一可变成所有神经组织类型的重要细胞。在具有引起NF1的两个拷贝遗传突变的新生小鼠中,大脑关键区域的神经干细胞更有可能生成一种称为胶质细胞(glia)的“辅助”神经细胞,而生成了较少的神经元细胞。在大脑和机体内神经元负责发送和接受关键信号。

科学家们随后针对这一异常细胞生长给予了小鼠一种针对晚期癌症的临床试验中所使用的实验性药物。这种命名为PD0325901的药物阻断了细胞中称作MEK/ERK信号通路的特异效应。该药是一类MEK抑制剂。

从出生获得药物的NF1突变小鼠发育正常,与具有相同遗传突变但没有接受药物治疗的小鼠形成了鲜明的对比。这些没有接受治疗的小鼠出生时看起来正常,但是数天后就变得驼背、邋遢,身体和脑细胞异常生长。

论文的资深作者、密歇根大学医学院分子医学和遗传学以及细胞和发育生物学系内科副教授朱源(Yuan Zhu)博士谨慎地表示试验中的这种特异药物可能不适合给予确诊NF1的儿童,但还有其他的对抗癌症的MEK抑制剂正在开发中。

“重要的是我们证明了在生命早期的这一短暂时间窗口期给予治疗,此时发育大脑中的神经干细胞仍然有时间来‘决定’变成何种细胞类型,我们可以导致对神经发育的持久效应,”朱源博士说。

科学家们还没有研究该药对于小鼠行为或学习能力的影响,也没有研究NF1中形成良性脑肿瘤的倾向。为了让所有这样的药物干预更有效地发挥效应,他指出将不得不在婴幼儿发现发育迟缓或良性肿瘤,以及NF1确诊后不久即给予治疗。

大约一半的NF1患者是从父母处遗传了突变基因,另一半是在子宫中自发形成。该疾病对于个体患者的影响各不相同,一名具有轻微NF1的的父母生育的一个小孩有可能具有疾病的严重形式,而他们的同胞则有可能具有轻度或中度症状。

一些NF1患者具有疾病的“双击”形式,即在某些体细胞中基因的两个拷贝均发生了突变。科学家们说第二次突变发生在神经干细胞中,继续生成了不同寻常的神经细胞。这些患者往往具有严重的学习障碍以及胼胝体扩大。胼胝体是联系两个半脑的一种结构,包含大量的胶质细胞,而在新研究中的小鼠就具有大量的胶质细胞。

除了NF1,研究人员推测他们的研究发现还有可能对于患有累及相同的普遍细胞信号通路RAS的遗传疾病患者具有重要意义。统称为NCFC症候群或“RASopathies”的疾病,包括有豹皮综合征(leopard syndrome)、努南综合征(Noonan syndrom)、Costello综合征和Leguis综合征,所有这些都像NF1一样影响了大脑、循环系统和脸或头。

链接;

Wang Y, Kim E, Wang X, Novitch BG, Yoshikawa K, Chang LS, Zhu Y.ERK Inhibition Rescues Defects in Fate Specification of Nf1-Deficient Neural Progenitors and Brain Abnormalities.Cell. 2012 Aug 17;150(4):816-30.

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    2012-12-25 维他命
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    2012-09-07 sunylz
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