脑血管疾病影像学诊断指南要点汇总

2022-09-14 放射沙龙 医学论坛网

脑成像技术CT诊断推荐要点。

一、脑成像技术CT诊断推荐要点

1.CT是脑出血的首选检查。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

2.CT为蛛网膜出血的首选诊断检查。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

3.CT是急性缺血性卒中的首选急诊检查。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

4.在静脉rtPA治疗前,应完成NECT排除脑出血,并明确是否存在低密度缺血灶。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

5.CT可作为脑静脉窦血栓形成的初始常规检查;若发现大脑皮层及皮层下区不明原因水肿或脑出血,应考虑血栓形成的可能性,但此时由于CT低敏感性及假阳性率,不推荐首选。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

二、脑成像技术MRI推荐要点

1.在脑卒中症状出现的6小时内,弥散加权成像(DWI)的敏感性及特异性优于CT及其他MRI检查方式,有助于早期缺血性脑卒中诊断。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

2.若患者症状超过3个小时,建议完善MRI-DWI或CTA-SI、血管成像及灌注成像,这点对于动脉溶栓或取栓患者尤为重要。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

3.DWI可评估大脑前部卒中严重程度和最终梗死面积(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐),但不推荐于基底区行此检测(C级证据)。

4.MRI-DWI有助于预测最终梗死面积的大小(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)及临床预后(C级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

5.对于脑卒中亚急性期、慢性期及缺血后出血,MRI检查明显优于CT。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

6.MRI的GRE序列可于早期诊断脑出血,同时在诊断新发或陈旧微出血灶方面,明显优于CT。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

7.对于MRI发现但CT未显示的微出血灶,目前不作为静脉溶栓禁忌症。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

三、脑血管成像技术推荐要点

1.CTA在动脉瘤诊断方面具有高敏感性及特异性,可作为未接受DSA患者的首选检查。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

2.CTA是颅内动脉瘤引起的自发性蛛网膜出血的首选检查,CT灌注成像(CTP)具有迟发性出血诊断价值。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

3.对于CTA阴性的蛛网膜下腔出血患者,建议完善DSA。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

4.CE-MRA适合于动脉夹层的无创性筛查。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

5.在诊断脑静脉窦血栓方面,MRI及MRV是目前准确、敏感的首要检查方式,也是随访的主要检查方式。但对于单独静脉血栓又无静脉内血栓影像改变的患者,仍需进一步DSA检查。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

6.DSA是脑静脉窦血栓形成的金标准,可作为MRI及MRV的补充手段。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

7.DSA是诊断颅内动脉瘤的金标准,是首要的推荐。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

8.DSA是诊断颅内动脉狭窄的金标准。(A级证据,Ⅰ级推荐)

四、脑灌注成像技术指南要点

1.CTP联合CTA检测可评估血管狭窄,根据TTP延迟等数据预测TIA危险分级。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

2.CTP可辅助评价周围血肿血流灌注情况。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

3.CTP可诊断蛛网膜下腔出血患者迟发性出血。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

4.CTP可辅助临床区分永久性梗死和可逆性缺血半暗带存在,有助于溶栓和预后判断。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

5.MRP识别灌注区域及缺血半暗带区域略优于CTP,有助于扩大溶栓时间窗。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

6.MRP可辅助鉴别诊断TIA及小卒中。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

五、其他技术推荐要点

1.扩散张量成像(DTI)有助于神经变性程度判断,预测患者运动功能转归。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

2.BOLD序列可评估神经血管活动,以及脑梗死病灶的活性。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

3.磁共振弹性成像(MRE)可鉴别诊断卒中与脑肿瘤。(C级证据,Ⅲ级推荐)

4.磁共振波谱(MRS)可早期评价缺血脑组织代谢改变、缺血组织损伤严重度,判断患者预后及疗效。(C级证据)

5.磁敏感加权成像(SWI)可早期诊断脑出血、缺血性脑卒中出血转化、微出血及静脉血栓形成,从而提供缺血性脑卒中血流动力学信息。(B级证据,Ⅱ级推荐)

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    2022-09-14 仁术2021

    不错,学习了。

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