食管裂孔疝--X线胸片病例及相关知识

2022-09-06 华夏影像诊断中心 华夏影像诊断中心

食道下端通过胸部与腹部分隔处叫膈肌,膈肌近中央处,有一个圆形开口,叫膈食管裂孔。食管的下端就是通过食管裂孔与胃相连接的。

食管裂孔疝X线胸片病例及相关知识

男性,78岁,反复咳嗽、咳痰20年,加重4天。

评论:

1、慢支并肺气肿表现。

2、右心膈角区见较大囊性高密度影,其内见液平面,边缘清晰,囊腔内外壁光滑。

3、胃泡影消失。

意见:1、慢支并肺气肿。2、不可回复性食管裂孔疝。

结果:典型的食道裂孔疝。

相关知识:

从上面的平面模拟图,大家可以初步了解食管、胃、膈肌的关系以及常见食管裂孔疝的类型。

什么是食管裂孔疝

食道下端通过胸部与腹部分隔处叫膈肌,膈肌近中央处,有一个圆形开口,叫膈食管裂孔。食管的下端就是通过食管裂孔与胃相连接的。因此,食管裂孔以上是食管,以下为胃。如果胃囊的一部分,由于各种原因,向上通过膈肌的食管裂孔彭凸进入胸腔而引起的一种疾病,医学上叫食管裂孔疝。食管裂孔疝多发生于40岁以上,女性(尤其是肥胖的经产妇)多于男性。

食管裂孔疝容易发生的部位

在胃部上端(贲门部)有一段长约4厘米管腔,上界相当于膈肌以上2厘米处,下界相当于贲门附近,最容易发生食管裂孔疝。食管裂孔疝主要是食道下端贲门处胃囊通过食管裂孔而滑入(也可以理解为凸入)胸腔。

食管裂孔疝发生的原因

正常情况下,在食管下段有一弹力纤维膜包绕,食管下段和食管胃连接部分还有由上、下膈食管韧带、胃膈韧带把食管、胃固定在食管裂孔处,从而有效地防止食管胃连接部和其他腹腔脏器疝入胸腔。但有的人,膈食管裂孔先天发育就比正常人宽大,使腹腔脏器,尤其是胃囊的上端“有机可乘”而向上疝入胸腔。这是食管裂孔疝发生的先天因素,比较少见。而后天因素是最常见的,多见于中老年人。腹腔内压力增高,是引起食管裂孔疝的最常见因素。如妊娠后期、肥胖症、便秘、腹水、腹内巨大肿瘤,剧烈的咳嗽、呕吐,频繁的呃逆,均可使腹腔压大于胸腔压力,导致腹腔里的胃囊通过食管裂孔向上凸入胸腔而形成食管裂孔疝。另外,各种食管疾病引起的食管瘢痕收缩,导致食管短缩,或各种原因引起的食管、胃与膈食管裂孔位置的改变,以及膈食管膜和食管裂孔松弛,均可产生食管裂孔疝。

食管裂孔疝的几种类型

Ⅰ.滑动型食管裂孔疝:最常见(占90%),常在平卧时出现,而站立时消失;Ⅱ.食管旁型食管裂孔疝:食管下端及胃保持位于膈下,但通过食管裂孔在食管旁有一小的腹腔囊卷入胸腔,胃大弯及胃——结肠大网膜也常卷入;Ⅲ.混和型食管裂孔疝:同时存在滑动型食管裂孔疝和食管旁型食管裂孔疝。常因膈食管裂孔过于宽大造成。

食管裂孔疝的症状

约1/4的食管裂孔疝没有症状。有症状者,多由于胃酸反流而伴有食道下段炎症或糜烂溃疡而成。经常感到胸骨后烧灼和疼痛,反胃泛酸;或有食道中下段异物感,或心窝口及两肋痛感;疼痛可扩散至背、颈、上胸、左肩等部位;多在饱餐后半小时到1小时发生;疼痛时可伴嗳气呃逆,可由平卧、蹲下、咳嗽、饱食后诱发,若采取立位或半卧位、散步可减轻;或呕出部分消化食物或酸水;个别的还可能出现吞咽困难。 食道裂孔疝出现的胸骨后疼痛需与心绞痛相鉴别:前者多出现于餐后或平卧弯腰时,坐位减轻,X线检查可以确诊;后者则不一定发生在餐后,可因精神紧张,情绪激动或活动后发生,多为心前区闷痛或紧缩感,时间短暂,过去可有心绞痛史,含硝酸甘油可解除闷痛,心电图提示异常。

食管裂孔疝的治疗

无症状或症状很轻的裂孔疝,不需要治疗。由于裂孔疝的症状主要是因胃酸反流刺激食管所引起,因此内科治疗基本上与反流性食管炎相似。消除有利于疝形成的因素和防止胃酸反流是十分重要的:饮食过于精细、渣少,则容易发生便秘而使腹压增高,因此宜多吃水果蔬菜和粗粮杂粮,清淡而少脂,避免刺激性食物;不宜吃的过饱,特别是晚餐;睡前不要吃东西;餐后不要立即躺平;忌烟戒酒;睡眠时应把床头抬高,以减少胃疝入胸腔和胃酸反流的机会;贴身衣服莫过紧,不要经常弯腰下蹲和负重;积极减肥,保持大便通畅,治疗和抑止咳嗽。当内科治疗无效时,可以考虑手术治疗。

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    2021-11-07 piaojinhua
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    2021-11-07 zhouqu_8
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    2021-11-07 hukaixun
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