BMJ:儿童和青少年期CT扫描辐射暴露增加患癌风险

2014-02-08 sensenmam DXY

儿童和青少年在接受诊断性计算机断层扫描( CT)暴露于低剂量电离辐射后是否会增加患癌风险?来自澳大利亚的流行病学者 Mathews等人以澳大利亚人口为基础的进行了数据链式队列研究。结果显示,尽管CT扫描的终身风险目前还不能最终确定,但辐射是CT扫描暴露后癌症发病率的增加主要原因。这一研究结果发表在2013年5月的英格兰医学杂志上。 CT扫描次数的增加对应癌症发病率的升高 研究者

儿童和青少年在接受诊断性计算机断层扫描( CT)暴露于低剂量电离辐射后是否会增加患癌风险?来自澳大利亚的流行病学者 Mathews等人以澳大利亚人口为基础的进行了数据链式队列研究。结果显示,尽管CT扫描的终身风险目前还不能最终确定,但辐射是CT扫描暴露后癌症发病率的增加主要原因。这一研究结果发表在2013年5月的英格兰医学杂志上。



CT扫描次数的增加对应癌症发病率的升高

研究者以澳大利亚医疗保险(Australian Medicare)记录的1090万病例为调查人群,即 1985年1月1日时年龄在0-19岁的人群或1985年12月1月1至2005年12月31日期间出生的人群,队列的定义是在1985年-2005年期间由Medicare支付CT扫描的暴露人群。至2007年12月31日队列成员中经诊断的癌症病例通过与全国癌症登记库链接获得。主要结果评价是比较非暴露个体与1年前或更早前行CT扫描的暴露个体的癌症发病率。

在本研究中,有记录的癌症病例60674例,其中包括680 211人中有3150例癌症确诊前至少1年曾暴露于CT扫描。暴露后的平均随访时间为9.5年。根据年龄、性别、出生年份分层计算后,暴露人群的癌症总发病率比非暴露人群高24%,每增加一次CT扫描发病率比(IRR)升高0.16 ( 0.13〜 0.19,同时研究发现低年龄暴露人群中的IRR较高 。

多种类型的实体瘤(位于消化器官,黑色素瘤,软组织,女性生殖器官,泌尿系统器官,大脑和甲状腺)、白血病、脊髓增生异常及其他一些淋巴肿瘤的IRR明显增高。在CT扫描暴露人群中患癌人数超过608例(147脑部肿瘤, 356例其他实体癌, 48例白血病或骨髓增生异常,以及57例其他淋巴系统瘤)。

 截至2007年12月31日,所有癌症合并的绝对超出发病率每100 000人为9.38风险年。每次扫描的平均有效辐射剂量估计为4.5mSv。

研究者认为,在该队列中,CT扫描暴露后癌症发病率的增加主要原因是辐射。由于在随访期结束前癌症病例的超额数在持续增加,最终的CT扫描终身风险还不能确定。当代的CT扫描暴露的辐射剂量可能低于1985年至2005年期间的剂量,但患癌风险某种程度的升高仍可能与当代的扫描有关。

未来的CT扫描应限于在临床指征明确的情况使用,而每一扫描优化为在尽可能低的辐射剂量下扫描提供诊断的CT图像。

研究背景

尽管计算机断层扫描( CT)扫描有具有巨大的医疗价值,但自20世纪80年代以来CT使用率的升高也带来了越来越多对患癌风险的担忧,尤其是对幼年扫描暴露的担忧。

每个器官成像的CT扫描电离辐射剂量通常在5-50 mGy范围内,但由于队列研究中需要大量的暴露者和结果,且一些病例对照设计中的偏差存在,直至最近,人们尚认为直接评估如此低剂量的辐射暴露的致癌风险不切实际。相应地,也有研究通过较高剂量暴露后的预测风险来间接地评价这种风险,例如在日本原子弹爆炸幸存者的寿命研究中。

关于职业暴露于辐射的研究为成人暴露于较低剂量的风险提供了一些直接评估。近期联合王国的一项随访研究,对在1985年至2002年期间曾经接受了CT扫描的18万青少年进行了评估,研究报告称,此前行CT扫描的剂量越高,患淋巴癌和脑部肿瘤的风险随即升高,报告给出了这两类肿瘤的临时风险评估。

一些放射学专家质疑该估计有效性,而另一部分学者则质疑早前那些根据预测风险做出的间接评估的有效性。因此,关于CT扫描暴露后是否存在患实体瘤风险,目前仍有很大的不确定性。
按平均人口计算,澳大利亚拥有数量众多的CT扫描仪,在全面医疗保险计划下的CT服务公共资金,使我们能够从总人口中抽取CT扫描暴露的人群进行研究。在本文中,通过对0-19岁1000多万非暴露人群与68万接受过CT扫描辐射暴露的人群进行比较,推导出的直接评价结果是:在CT扫描后的前10年期间患癌症风险升高。

原文出处:
Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, Butler MW, Goergen SK, Byrnes GB, Giles GG, Wallace AB, Anderson PR, Guiver TA, McGale P, Cain TM, Dowty JG, Bickerstaffe AC, Darby SC.Cancer risk in 680,000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians.BMJ. 2013 May 21;346:f2360. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f2360.

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    2014-10-31 sjq027
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    2014-04-05 gaoxiaoe
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    2014-02-10 jiyangfei
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    2014-02-10 lq0307
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