解读检查结果的阴阳之结

2018-02-09 李定国 健康世界

某些化验或检查结果的报告单常用(+)(-)来表示。这里的(+)(-)是用来表示结果是阳性或阴性。不少人对阳性和阴性的实际意义并不了解,甚至还会发生误解。今天,我们就来一起解读一下检查结果的“阳性”与“阴性”。


某些化验或检查结果的报告单常用(+)(-)来表示。这里的(+)(-)是用来表示结果是阳性或阴性。不少人对阳性和阴性的实际意义并不了解,甚至还会发生误解。今天,我们就来一起解读一下检查结果的“阳性”与“阴性”。

随着医学的发展,名目繁多的化验、检查项目也随之增加,许多缺乏相关医学知识的人误以为检查结果“阳性”就代表自己患病。其实对于其化验、检查结果的阳性和阴性,要根据实验或检查的方法、目的不同而作具体分析,方能作出正确的判断。

阴性和阳性

阴性和阳性是实验结果的判别方式之一,被称为定性检查,阴性的含义类似于“无”;而阳性的含义类似于“有”。例如,为一位停经妇女做尿液妊娠试验检查,若结果是阳性(+),就说明这位妇女很可能已经怀孕了。再如,大便隐血试验阳性,往往提示有上消化道出血的可能性。相反,化验单或报告单上的阴性(-),则多数基本上否定或排除某种病变的可能性。

“好坏”不能一概而论

阳性或阴性的结果并不能一概而论,不能说阳性就是“不好”,阴性就是“好”。例如,乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(抗HBs或HBsAb)阳性(+)表示曾经感染过乙型肝炎病毒或者预防接种过乙型肝炎病毒疫苗。如果是后者,则还需要做定量实验,抗体达到10国际单位/升才表示有抵抗力。由于没有感染乙型肝炎病毒且表面抗体阴性者对于病毒的抵抗力很弱,所以这种情况下阴性反而是不好的。

小儿一侧阴囊肿大,往往有2种可能:①睾丸鞘膜积液;②腹股沟斜疝。为了进行鉴别,医生就会进行透光试验,即将手电筒从阴囊下面照射阴囊。由于睾丸鞘膜积液囊内是液体,所以是透光的,故结果为透光试验阳性;而腹股沟斜疝是肠管而不易透光,结果则为透光试验阴性。由于后者比前者更难以处理,因此,透光试验阳性反比阴性好一些。

并非所有的阴性结果都代表正常阴性给人的印象是正常,所以人们在化验单上看阴性就比较轻松和放心。的确,在多数情况下,一个阴性的实验结果,可以表示化验中没有检查到某种病变成分或此种成分含量很低。例如,某些物质有微量的排出,含量在正常范围内,或用常规方法检测不到,就可以被称为阴性,如尿糖、尿蛋白的定性检查等。若某种病变物质没有被发现,如尿或粪便显微镜检查没有发现炎症细胞或寄生虫卵,可记为“镜检:-”。许多抗原或抗体检查也习惯用阴性表示正常,如没有被乙型肝炎病毒感染、又没有进行预防接种的人,体内查不到相应的抗原,所以乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)为阴性。

不过,阴性结果也并非都代表正常。例如,精液果糖含量降低或呈阴性(-),则是精子活力不足,并可导致不育的信号,其阴性结果就属于异常。

阳性结果代表的临床意义也不尽相同

阳性结果就一定有问题吗?并非尽然。虽然不少项目的阳性代表了问题的存在,但另外一些阳性结果就不一定代表“有问题”了。例如,人类第二大血型系统的Rh血型,99.5%以上的中国人为阳性,化验单上会标明“Rh:阳性”,只有极少数人Rh血型为阴性。又如,妇女尿液中的的人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)出现阳性结果,有几种可能性,包括正常怀孕、妊娠相关疾病、滋养细胞肿瘤等。

如何通过化验单判断自己的病情

目前的化验单每个项目的后面都附有参考范围。如果是定量实验,会有具体的数值;如果是定性实验,会提供正常参考范围是阴性或阳性。可以根据参考范围来判断结果是否属于正常。

有时,(+)的多少还能表示某种疾病病情发展程度上的严重性。例如,糖尿病患者的尿糖试验:(+)为病情轻,(-)为病情得到控制,而(++)或(+++)说明病情没有得到控制,在继续恶化和发展。患有胃十二指肠溃疡病的人,大便隐血试验(+++)或(++++)则说明患者出血较为严重。可以认为这是一种半定量的结果,如果条件允许可以使用更加精准的定量实验,如直接报告具体的数值。

一些试验结果只有鉴别作用

某些试验的阴性和阳性不具有正常与否的含义,而是起鉴别作用。如浆膜腔积液分为漏出液和渗出液,渗出液中含有大量浆液黏蛋白,李凡他试验(Rivalta试验)是作为区别渗出液和漏出液最主要、最常用的方法之一。李凡他试验阳性(+)表示积液为渗出液,阴性(-)表示积液为漏出液。

具体问题具体分析

当您拿到一张化验单,应根据每个人的具体情况分别判断。如果笼统地认为阴性要比阳性好,就是一种误解了。下面再列举几种具体情况下,阳性及阴性的含义。

表示体格检查的结果 医生对体检对象或患者进行体格检查,若未发现病患的体征,往往会记述:体检未见阳性体征;若心肺检查未见异常发现,则谓“心肺阳性体征”,或“心肺检查阴性”,可记录为:心肺(-)。

结核杆菌试验阳性者 表示受试者已感染过结核杆菌而有抗结核杆菌的免疫力,并不一定有结核病。接种过卡介苗的人也呈阳性。强阳性(局部红肿硬结明显增大或有水泡、溃烂)者,可能有活动性感染,应进一步追查病灶。试验阴性者表示未感染过结核杆菌、未接种过卡介苗或卡介苗接种不成功。

表示影像学检查的结果 肾结石的成分如是草酸钙,拍X线平片时病灶显影较深,叫“阳性结石”;痛风患者由于肾结石的成分是尿酸,影子很淡,叫“阴性结石”。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1998567, encodeId=e65d199856e77, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2b66251e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检查结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62517, encryptionId=b2b66251e52, topicName=检查结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Tue Dec 18 20:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286728, encodeId=6aae286e28b1, content=加强学习.观察病情, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 08:23:16 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286676, encodeId=6af32866e680, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 06:32:32 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286668, encodeId=0b022866689c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/01/15/8213228fe923915543544ad3da7e1c64.jpg, createdBy=6bd82014262, createdName=秀红, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 06:28:15 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286629, encodeId=31aa2866293b, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 00:23:19 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-10 swfzhanggui

    加强学习.观察病情

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1998567, encodeId=e65d199856e77, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2b66251e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检查结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62517, encryptionId=b2b66251e52, topicName=检查结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Tue Dec 18 20:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286728, encodeId=6aae286e28b1, content=加强学习.观察病情, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 08:23:16 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286676, encodeId=6af32866e680, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 06:32:32 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286668, encodeId=0b022866689c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/01/15/8213228fe923915543544ad3da7e1c64.jpg, createdBy=6bd82014262, createdName=秀红, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 06:28:15 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286629, encodeId=31aa2866293b, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 00:23:19 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-10 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1998567, encodeId=e65d199856e77, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b2b66251e52' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检查结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62517, encryptionId=b2b66251e52, topicName=检查结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6fc262, createdName=zhangmingxiang, createdTime=Tue Dec 18 20:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286728, encodeId=6aae286e28b1, content=加强学习.观察病情, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/21/9461f3b3c9f14e1d844256cdd08f2cf3.jpg, createdBy=a30f1426910, createdName=swfzhanggui, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 08:23:16 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286676, encodeId=6af32866e680, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 06:32:32 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286668, encodeId=0b022866689c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/01/15/8213228fe923915543544ad3da7e1c64.jpg, createdBy=6bd82014262, createdName=秀红, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 06:28:15 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286629, encodeId=31aa2866293b, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 00:23:19 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-10 秀红

    学习了

    0

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    2018-02-10 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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