成人食管异物急诊处置专家共识,核心推荐必读!

2022-06-16 Dajiong MedSci原创

食管异物怎么办?专家共识先看看。

食管异物是指在食管内因难以排出而滞留的各类物体,是临床中常见的一种急症。据数据显示,我国异物滞留在食管内的比例能达到上消化道异物的 85%。由于食管位于后纵隔,邻近主动脉、气管、心脏等多个重要的组织结构,若对异物处理不及时或处理方式不当,可能会造成严重并发症,甚至危及患者的生命。

根据患者的病情,尽早做出诊断,采取保守治疗、内镜或手术取出等方式,对减少并发症、控制疾病发展至关重要。近期,由浙江省医学会创伤医学分会牵头,联合急诊科、消化科、耳鼻喉科、心胸外科、胃肠外科、影像科、麻醉科、重症医学科等多学科专家共同制定《成人食管异物急诊处置专家共识(2020 版)》(以下简称“共识”),为食管异物急诊处置提供指导。

那么,共识具体包含了哪些核心推荐呢?一起来看看~

首选影像学检查手段还是造影剂检查?

食管异物主要根据病史、症状、体征,结合CT和内镜等辅助检查明确食管异物诊断。而食管异物的位置、大小、数量和形状的评估对指导进一步治疗非常重要。

核心推荐1:使用 CT 扫描作为食管异物的首选影像学检查手段。因其不仅能发现异物,还能通过图像推断异物在食管内的位置、异物本身的形状、大小等,有助于更好地选择治疗手段。

核心推荐2:不建议使用口服对比造影剂作为首选诊断方式,因其可能掩盖异物的形状、尖锐度, 且影响后续内镜下的视野,更存在较高的误吸风险。

核心推荐3:胃镜兼具诊治双重作用,当 CT 检查未发现异物,而患者症状持续存在时,可行胃镜进 一步明确诊断。

核心推荐4:若患者为孕妇等特殊人群,当怀疑 高风险的食管异物嵌顿时,可在铅裙保护下尽早进 行 CT 检查,以及时明确异物大小和位置。在不具备 CT 技术条件的基层医院,当异物嵌顿时间小于 24 h 且临床评估风险较小的情况,可直接选择胃镜明确诊断。

核心推荐5:对于食管异物患者,尤其是异物滞 留时间长或生命体征不稳定者,需尽早行实验室检 查,评估患者出血、感染可能,及后续内镜或手术操作风险。

胃镜和食管镜的选择和操作时机?

由于食管特殊的解剖位置,邻近周围的多个重要器官,因此当食管发生异物滞留时,往往需要多学科共同诊治。内镜和手术治疗对消除食管异物症状的成功率远高于单纯药物治疗,选择尽早解除异物嵌顿的最佳手段至关重要。

核心推荐1:确诊食管异物后,联合多学科成立诊治小组,共同进行评估,确定最佳治疗方案,在异物滞留24 h内尽快取出。

核心推荐2:根据患者年龄、异物滞留持续时间、影像学检查结果等综合评估后,选择软质胃镜或硬质食管镜作为内镜治疗的选择方案,以提高内镜治疗的一次成功率。

核心推荐3:如异物嵌顿于食管上段的患者、穿孔风险高的梭型尖锐异物(如枣核),可首选麻醉下行硬质食管镜治疗。

核心推荐4:对于较难取出的异物,可以采取双钳内镜钳取异物;对于较为尖锐的异物,可采用透明帽、保护罩等前端保护器材,降低损伤风险。

血管内支架何时置入?

虽然,软质胃镜和硬质食管镜能达到较高的治疗成功率,但是仍有一些患者需要外科手术干预。通常来说,外科手术作为食管异物取出的“最后一道防线,是内镜操作失败后的最终治疗方案。

核心推荐1:对存在穿孔、形成瘘管、异物完全 穿出食管腔等不宜内镜干预的高危患者,或内镜操 作失败的患者,需尽快安排外科手术移除异物。

核心推荐2:对于临床上少见的复杂情况,如异物取出风险大、基础疾病多等情况,建议联合急诊科、消化科、耳鼻喉科、心胸外科、呼吸科、麻醉科等多学科共同诊治。

核心推荐3:对于高度怀疑尖锐异物穿破大血管的患者,需考虑置入血管覆膜支架,以防止内镜操 作中及异物取出后出现大出血的风险。

总之,食管异物作为常见的急症之一,急诊医生需迅速判断病情,应给予CT等影像学检查明确诊断,尽可能缩短异物嵌顿至移除异物的时间,提高内镜一次操作成功率,降低手术比例,进而改善患者预后。

参考资料
1.中国企业管理研究会公共卫生与医疗健康管理研究院, 浙江长三角健康科技研究院老年病急救技术研究部, 浙江省增龄与理化损伤性疾病诊治研究重点实验室,等. 成人食管异物急诊处置专家共识(2020版)[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2021, 30(01):25-30.
2.闫德欣,王 超,何开明 et al.多学科诊疗模式在食管异物患者中的应用.成都医学院学报2021年第16卷第3期

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    2023-09-28 xzywt 来自江苏省

    学了很多知识点,受益非浅

    0

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    2022-06-25 ms9000001993425467

    学习了

    0

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    2022-06-20 huaguang

    食管异物还是以CT检查为主

    0

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    2022-06-18 zhouqu_8