不同于经典文献的肘关节置换术

2018-05-29 沈惠良 姜保国 老年骨质疏松骨折

69岁女性因车祸致左肘部外伤,以“左肱骨远端骨折”收入院治疗。患者合并有类风湿关节炎、骨质疏松,分析认为最佳治疗方案为人工肘关节置换术。该患者术后功能较好,其中一个关键操作步骤不同于经典文献中描述的将屈伸肌总腱缝至肱三头肌的内外侧缘上。欲了解如何重建屈伸肌总腱的止点,详见以下病例——

69岁女性因车祸致左肘部外伤,以“左肱骨远端骨折”收入院治疗。患者合并有类风湿关节炎、骨质疏松,分析认为最佳治疗方案为人工肘关节置换术。该患者术后功能较好,其中一个关键操作步骤不同于经典文献中描述的将屈伸肌总腱缝至肱三头肌的内外侧缘上。欲了解如何重建屈伸肌总腱的止点,详见以下病例——

【病例介绍】

患者,女性,69岁。患者入院前5天因车祸致左肘部外伤,当即感左肘部疼痛剧烈,伴活动受限。伤后3小时就诊于当地医院急诊,行X 线检查提示:左肱骨远端粉碎性骨折,予以石膏外固定。为进一步诊治,5天后就诊于北京大学人民医院急诊,以“左肱骨远端骨折”收入院治疗。既往高血压病病史12年,口服药物治疗,血压控制在125/75mmHg 左右;24年前诊断类风湿关节炎,现口服爱若华治疗;1年前诊断骨关节炎,口服氨基葡萄糖等药物治疗。查体:左肘关节肿胀明显,局部压痛明显,左肘关节因疼痛活动受限,皮下可见大面积瘀斑。双手呈尺偏畸形。辅助检查:X 线片(急诊):左肱骨远端粉碎性骨折(图2‐1‐13)。

【诊断要点】

患者外伤史明确,结合查体及X 线检查,考虑右肱骨远端骨折诊断明确。X 线片为肘关节正侧位片,为更加清晰的明确骨折分型,入院后进一步行肘关节三维重建CT 检查(图2‐1‐14)。通过分析考虑为AO分型的C2 型骨折,该患者患有类风湿关节炎24年,X 线片提示肱骨近端骨小梁结构变细、减少、间隙增宽,考虑该患者同时合并有骨质疏松症。

【治疗原则】

患者骨折类型为AO 分型的C2 型骨折,同时患者合并有类风湿关节炎、骨质疏松,分析认为最佳治疗方案为人工肘关节置换术。

图2‐1‐13 术前肘关节正侧位X 线片

图2‐1‐14 肘关节三维CT 重建

患者入院完善相关术前检查,无明显手术禁忌,于入院12天后在臂丛麻醉下行左肱骨远端骨折人工肘关节置换术。

麻醉成功后患者取右倾卧位,腋下垫枕。取左肘后正中稍偏向鹰嘴内侧切口,长约15cm。逐层切开皮肤、皮下组织,显露尺骨鹰嘴,探查左肱骨内上髁,并显露尺神经,适当向两侧剥离,并以橡皮条牵开保护。切开鹰嘴尺侧筋膜剥离,部分切断肱三头肌止点及肱三头肌尺侧肌间隔。见髁间骨折粉碎,分次将全部髁间骨折块全部取出,脱位肘关节,部分咬除髁间窝背侧骨皮质显露肱骨髓腔。置入髓腔导针,连接肱骨截骨标尺并行髁上截骨,以髓腔锉处理髓腔。于尺骨鹰嘴基底部以磨钻开髓并适当截除部分钩状鹰嘴关节面,髓腔探针及远端髓腔锉逐一探查尺骨髓腔并适当扩髓。取尺骨髓腔锉进一步扩髓,分别置入肱骨及尺骨假体试模,复位后连接,屈伸肘关节,见活动度良好,紧张度适中。取出试模,冲洗髓腔,于肱骨远端内外侧皮质上钻孔,并分别引2 号不可吸收缝线穿过骨孔备用。混合骨水泥,先后注入肱骨及尺骨髓腔,置入Zimmer 肱骨(4IN﹒Smal)及尺骨(4IN﹒Extra Smal)假体并打实。清理溢出的骨水泥,待骨水泥完全凝固,切开肱三头肌腱外侧缘,复位人工肘关节,并插入锁扣连接。被动活动肘关节活动顺畅无摩擦感,活动度可达0°~110°。以此前肱骨远端内外侧皮质上的留置缝线分别缝合前臂屈、伸肌总腱,重建其于肱骨远端的止点。前置尺神经,冲洗伤口,留置伤口负压引流,逐层缝合伤口,无菌敷料加压包扎。

患者术后第2日移除伤口引流管,行X 线检查示假体位置良好(图2‐1‐15)。在术后第2天开始不提重的主动活动,并使用颈腕吊带保护3周,不做任何活动度的强力训练,最初3个月内所提物体重量不得超过0.5kg,以后患肢所提重量也不得超过2.5kg。

图2‐1‐15 术后肘关节X 线片

【随访结果】

患者术后6个月右肘关节被动活动VAS疼痛评分0分,主动活动VAS疼痛评分1分;患者对手术的满意度评分为10分(0~10分,0分为一点也不满意,10分为绝对满意)。屈伸活动范围15°~135°,Mayo 评分为良(90分)。未发现假体松动或假体周围骨折等并发症发生,术后功能良好(彩图2‐1‐16)。

彩图2‐1‐16 术后肘关节功能像

【经验教训】

肱骨远端骨折属于复杂的关节内骨折之一,近年来提倡通过切开复位内固定和早期的功能锻炼进行治疗,但切开复位内固定的结果对于老年患者并不像年轻患者那样令人满意。Kamineni 等提出全肘关节置换治疗肱骨远端骨折的适应证为:年龄大于65岁,基本上不做剧烈活动,骨质疏松明显,骨折粉碎难以复位和固定。符合上述标准的Gusti lo Ⅰ型开放骨折也可以行一期肘关节置换。其禁忌证为:化脓性感染以及污染严重的Gusti lo Ⅱ、Ⅲ型开放骨折。由于肘关节假体的早期类型均为表面置换假体,无法应用于肱骨远端骨折,只有当半限制型假体尤其是Coonrad‐Morrey 假体,出现并得到大量应用时,全肘关节置换术才成为治疗肱骨远端难治性骨折的成熟技术。本例患者为肱骨远端骨折,AO 分型为C2 型,同时合并有类风湿关节炎,遂一期行全肘关节置换术。

行半限制型Coonrad‐Morrey 假体手术时,有一些事项需要注意:

1﹒肱骨远端6cm内的粉碎骨折均可以接受肘关节置换,但肱骨远端骨缺损最多不能超过8cm。

2﹒尺神经常规前置。

3﹒显露过程中保留肱三头肌的鹰嘴附着处的大部分止点。显露尺骨冠状突基底以免扩髓时钻透尺骨皮质。

4﹒提供充分的假体‐骨水泥界面。

5﹒因屈肘时容易导致软组织卡压,同时会造成假体‐骨水泥界面的应力增大,故肱骨柄不要向近端插入太深。

6﹒肱骨内外髁剥离下来的屈肌总腱和伸肌总腱腱膜应缝合于肱三头肌腱远端接近止点处的内、外侧,防止腕关节屈伸和握力减弱。

本例患者术后功能良好,未发现假体松动或假体周围骨折等并发症发生。在进行全肘关节置换术时,要预防感染、尺神经麻痹、假体周围骨折、假体松动等并发症的发生。本例患者虽缺乏远期疗效的随访,但近期结果较满意。总之,对年龄较大、骨质疏松明显、骨折粉碎难以复位和固定、关节面破坏严重的患者,一期肘关节置换术可取得良好的疗效。

【专家点评】

该患者术后功能较好的两个关键操作步骤:一是保留了肱三头肌腱在尺骨鹰嘴上的附着,而前面3例患者都是重建的肱三头肌腱止点;二是在肱骨远端内外侧皮质上重建了屈伸肌总腱的止点,这一做法不同于经典文献中描述的将屈伸肌总腱缝至肱三头肌的内外侧缘上。

应用肘关节置换治疗复杂肱骨远端骨折的手术较为复杂,即使对于那些经验丰富的外科医生来讲也面临巨大的挑战。没有一个一成不变的标准手术方案适用于所有的骨折,必须根据每例患者的不同情况作出个体化的分析,正确而灵活地调整手术方案以达到良好的效果。充分的术前准备,术中轻柔操作,尽量保护软组织血运,选择合适的假体并将假体尽可能地按照解剖关系植入,良好的重建是手术成功的关键。

该病例术前准备完善,三维重建CT 检查将肱骨远端骨折的形态清晰完整的展示在我们面前。通过良好的术前评估,选择了适当的治疗方式。手术方案也充分考虑到了该病例的特点,降低了并发症发生的可能性,同时有利于术后的早期功能锻炼的开展。

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    2019-04-20 yxch48
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1742500, encodeId=6cc41e42500a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39cae96626f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79662, encryptionId=39cae96626f, topicName=置换)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3a7c35056336, createdName=yxch48, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 10:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754191, encodeId=84e81e5419180, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d3330135ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节置换术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30135, encryptionId=7d3330135ac, topicName=关节置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=050736663344, createdName=apoenzyme, createdTime=Mon Apr 15 23:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805463, encodeId=2a0b18054634f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d416e82238e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#经典文献#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78223, encryptionId=d416e82238e, topicName=经典文献)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37d0457, createdName=yhj-time, createdTime=Wed Apr 03 21:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634386, encodeId=15be1634386d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57ce8110820' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肘关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81108, encryptionId=57ce8110820, topicName=肘关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd5022160969, createdName=xugc, createdTime=Thu Jul 26 22:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1576623, encodeId=6de515e6623c8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=48fee966468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79664, encryptionId=48fee966468, topicName=置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=054816326830, createdName=ms117281293605716, createdTime=Thu May 31 02:07:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=319678, encodeId=1f073196e85f, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Tue May 29 13:10:19 CST 2018, time=2018-05-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-26 xugc
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    2018-05-29 sunfeifeiyang

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