J Behavioral &Brain Sci:注意缺陷多动障碍治疗药物需慎用

2015-03-09 刘静竹 编译 科研出版社

注意缺陷障碍(伴多动)症(ADHD)出现在童年,会持续到成年时期。这种疾病表现为注意力不集中、多动症、过度的表现欲和无法保持专注,或无法长时间集中注意力。哌甲酯(Methylphenidate,MPD)俗称利他林(Ritalin),是治疗ADHD的常用治疗药物之一,用于延长(注意力集中的)时间,它作为认知增强和娱乐物质也非常流行。 长期使用MPD,受体和突触连接过剩,“修剪”神经

注意缺陷障碍(伴多动)症(ADHD)出现在童年,会持续到成年时期。这种疾病表现为注意力不集中、多动症、过度的表现欲和无法保持专注,或无法长时间集中注意力。哌甲酯(Methylphenidate,MPD)俗称利他林(Ritalin),是治疗ADHD的常用治疗药物之一,用于延长(注意力集中的)时间,它作为认知增强和娱乐物质也非常流行。

长期使用MPD,受体和突触连接过剩,“修剪”神经元,处于发育年龄的青少年时期是否会出现和成年时期不同的节律变化、不同的稳态,仍然未知。美国德克萨斯大学健康科学中心医学学校的Nachum Dafny等人在研究评价了MPD对青少年和成年时期的斯普拉格-道利雄性大鼠(SD)的昼夜节律活动的长期影响。科研出版社英文期刊《行为与脑科学期刊》(Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science)上刊载了这篇文章。

这个实验连续11天进行不间断记录,评价过程分为四个阶段:急性阶段、诱导阶段、失败阶段和表达阶段。实验选择了72只SD大鼠,大约为28天或58天大。这些大鼠被随机分为四只青少年鼠和四只成年鼠,每组九只。

大鼠被单只安置在有机玻璃笼子里,既是它们的家又是测试用笼子。笼子里维持着12小时的白天/黑夜周期(光照从6点到18点),笼内温度为21℃± 2℃,相对湿度为37%~42%,食物和水一直都有供应。

  

实验采用了三种剂量的MPD(0.6, 2.5和10.0 mg/kg),实验条件如表1所示。科学家认为MPD是一种轻微中央神经刺激,阻断了去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再次被突触前神经吸收,以类安非他命的方式刺激大脑皮层和皮层下结构。这项研究发现:

1)所有三个青少年鼠MPD治疗组的自发活动都没有显著变化;

2)不断接触2.5、10.0mg/kg成年大鼠MPD治疗组在后三个阶段改变了其昼夜节律活动模式;

3)0.6mg/kg成年大鼠MPD治疗组组在后两个阶段变了其昼夜节律活动模式;

4)0.6mg/kg成年大鼠MPD治疗组组在倒数第二阶段自发活动急剧增加;

5)2.5mg/kg的成年大鼠MPD治疗组在后两阶段的自发活动逐渐增加,具有统计学意义;

6)10.0mg/kg成年大鼠MPD治疗组只在第三阶段的自发活动具有统计学意义;

7)接受同剂量的MPD,成年大鼠与青少年大鼠相比,日夜活动增加明显,昼夜节律模式变化在高峰期同时显现出来。

大鼠在青少年时期比成年时期夜里更活跃,急性和慢性使用MPD没有改变青少年大鼠,而是改变了成年大鼠的自发活动。这种增加显示了动物行为上温和的“退缩”,MPD的这个实验中对青少年期的影响较为温和,成年期表现得更加激烈。这种自发活动指示出的昼夜节律改变,可能是日常使用这些药物的副作用,对成年期的影响更甚于青少年期,需要防止成年人的滥用,但青少年研究还有待深入。

注1:小白鼠是指用于若干学科实验动物。大鼠通常为褐鼠,小鼠通常为小家鼠。

注2:Sprague-Dawley大鼠是该同名农场R.W.Dawley用杂合的雄性大鼠和Wistar雌性大鼠杂交后育成的大鼠。

原始出处:

Adolescent and Adult Circadian Rhythm Activity Modulated Differently Following Chronic Methylphenidate Administration


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    2016-01-18 小几洁
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    2015-03-11 qjddjq

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