AJG:妊娠中期炎症性肠病患者的不推荐应用抗肿瘤坏死因子类药物

2013-09-25 tiancai_erbao dxy

研究要点: 1.抗肿瘤坏死因子药物在妊娠中后期可以透过胎盘,在乳汁中也可以检测到微量的抗肿瘤坏死因子药物。所以建议在妊娠中后期停药。 2.并未得出新生儿暴露于存在肿瘤坏死因子的环境中存在有害影响的结论。 抗肿瘤坏死因子药物在炎症性肠病患者中是一种效果较好的可选治疗方案。但是关于该类药物在女性患者妊娠期及哺乳期中使用的安全性的研究仍十分有限。西班牙马德里德拉普林医院胃肠病学科Javier

研究要点:

1.抗肿瘤坏死因子药物在妊娠中后期可以透过胎盘,在乳汁中也可以检测到微量的抗肿瘤坏死因子药物。所以建议在妊娠中后期停药。

2.并未得出新生儿暴露于存在肿瘤坏死因子的环境中存在有害影响的结论。

抗肿瘤坏死因子药物在炎症性肠病患者中是一种效果较好的可选治疗方案。但是关于该类药物在女性患者妊娠期及哺乳期中使用的安全性的研究仍十分有限。西班牙马德里德拉普林医院胃肠病学科Javier P. Gisbert博士等人采用目录检索的方法对MEDLINE数据库中现有的关于这方面的实验结果进行了严密地回顾性综述以探讨女性炎症性肠病患者在妊娠期及哺乳期使用抗肿瘤坏死因子药物治疗的安全性。【原文下载

在纳入的研究数据中共有462名炎症性肠病患者妇女在妊娠期使用了抗肿瘤坏死因子药物。虽然在妊娠中期之后这类药物都通过了胎盘,但是在短期内这些药物是低风险的。孕中期服用抗肿瘤坏死因子药物后发现该药物可通过胎盘在宫内检测到。近期观察到在宫内同时暴露于抗肿瘤坏死因子药物和免疫调节类药物的胎儿感染风险增加,感染风险的增加可能会影响到胎儿免疫系统的发育。

依据这一结果,现在通常建议在妊娠中期的妇女停止使用抗肿瘤坏死因子药物。塞妥珠单抗为Fab片段的抗肿瘤坏死因子α的单克隆抗体。然而该药物没有必要一定在妊娠期停用。虽然含量是微乎其微的,但在乳汁中可以检测到抗肿瘤坏死因子药物。虽然在案例报告中并未涉及存在毒性的问题,但对新生儿暴露于抗肿瘤坏死因子药物下的影响值得进一步研究。

从上述结果可以看出虽然在短期内应用抗肿瘤坏死因子药物是安全的,但是在妊娠中期靠后抗肿瘤坏死因子药物可以透过胎盘。在乳汁中也可以检测到微量的抗肿瘤坏死因子药物。但是从研究结果中并不能得出新生儿暴露于抗肿瘤坏死因子药物可以产生有害作用的结论。

研究背景:

因炎症性肠病发病年龄逐渐年轻化,约半数患者在诊断时年龄小于35岁,1/4的患者在患病后才经历妊娠、生育,且该病症女性患者发病人群多于男性。然而目前的研究基本都集中在探讨炎症性肠病本身的疾病过程对胎儿及妊娠期有何影响,并为此提供了较多的信息。但对用药的安全性研究较少。

一般来说,患有克罗恩病或溃疡性结肠炎的妊娠期妇女85%表现正常,生出先天畸形的婴儿的发生率仅为1%。这种发生率与健康妊娠期妇女所观察的数字相符合。所以,炎症性肠病妊娠后发生这种新生儿畸形的风险不会增高。而一般情况下妊娠不会增加疾病的复发几率。调查显示妊娠6个月和产褥期炎症性肠病急性发作的频率增加。若在妊娠期存在炎症性肠病疾病活跃,将会影响到妊娠妇女的妊娠过程及生产,也会对胎儿造成一定的影响,如引起早产、难产或导致胎儿体重过低。

研究证实疾病处于活跃期对孕妇及胎儿造成的危害是显著的,这种危害远远大于治疗药物可能会对胎儿造成的影响。妊娠期炎症性肠病的恶化可能会影响以后的妊娠。可见在妊娠阶段使疾病得到有效的控制是十分重要的。而药物治疗对孕期炎症性肠病可以加速病情缓解、好转。药物治疗还可以疾病维持于稳定期,减少活动。所以认为对疾病的控制是首先需要考虑的问题,建议在孕前以及孕中均可采用药物控制疾病活跃。

在妊娠期间究竟选择何种药物治疗是患者和医生首要面对的问题。因妊娠期间疾病出现活跃对孕妇及胎儿都会有明显影响,所以正确的治疗使患者处于疾病缓解期再妊娠非常重要。但大多数患者在怀孕前的准备阶段不愿意服用任何药物。因此与患者沟通、合理建议用药对于在孕前形成妊娠期间治疗方案十分重要。

大多数批准用于治疗炎症性肠病的治疗药物并没有很显著的副作用。美国食品与药品监督管理局对在妊娠期可以使用的药物进行了分类推荐。A级为动物及人群的对照研究均提示对早期妊娠无危险,对胎儿的可能影响为远期尚未观察到的潜在影响。B级为动物实验证实对胎儿无明显风险,但缺乏人群中妊娠妇女的相关实验数据。或是在动物实验中发现的一些不良反应但在早期妊娠人群中没有发现。C级为在人群中缺乏对照的实验数据,而且在动物实验中发现了存在某些不良反应。或是在人群及实验动物中均缺乏相关研究,但其潜在的收益大于风险。D级为对胎儿存在影响的证据是存在的。但在生命受到威胁或疾病严重的情况下用药收益大于风险。X级为动物研究及人群中研究均发现药物可以引起胎儿畸形,不推荐用药。

其中对治疗炎症性肠病药物的应用建议入下:(1)B级药物(低风险):阿达木单抗、巴柳氮、塞妥珠单抗、英夫利昔单抗、美沙拉嗪、柳氮磺胺吡啶;(2)C级药物(低风险):环孢素、奥沙拉嗪;他克莫司为C级低风险,在母亲健康要求时可以使用;糖皮质激素为C级低风险,但有可能增加唇腭裂、肾功能发育不全以及胎膜早破的风险;(3)D级:硫唑嘌呤为D级,为炎症性肠病及移植相关研究数据证实为低风险性;(4)X级:沙利度胺(反应停)、甲氨蝶呤。

对炎症性肠病妊娠及哺乳女性是否使用抗肿瘤坏死因子药物治疗至今存在争议。对于此类药物的用药安全缺乏实验数据,在美国FDA对药品分类中归为B类。说明对该类药物的使用安全的假设是建立在十分有限的研究数据上的。随着时间的进展,目前针对抗肿瘤坏死因子药物在妊娠期及哺乳期女性当中治疗情况的研究有所增加,所以有必要对该类文献进行一次严谨地系统性综述,为处于治疗需要的妊娠期及哺乳期妇女是否可以使用该类药物治疗提供指导。

原文下载

Gisbert JP, Chaparro M.Safety of Anti-TNF Agents During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Sep;108(9):1426-38.

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    2014-06-04 minzju5052
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    2013-09-27 millore
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