Radiology:儿童髓母细胞瘤的MRI放射基因组学

2022-09-03 shaosai MedSci原创

机器学习可以挖掘高维图像特征,有助于精确分析的定量特征。

随着影像技术的发展髓母细胞瘤(MB)分子亚群的MRI预测为MB风险分层提供了一条无创的术前途径。分子亚群的不同状态常提示不同的预后,并有可能成为更精确、有针对性的治疗关键因素。研究还显示,围手术期并发症的发生率(如小脑缄默症)以及手术切除范围的价值高度依赖于亚组的分类,突出了对可靠的、手术前MB亚组预测的需求。然而,在主要的癌症中心之外无法进行分子检测,这限制了对试验对象的有效分流和对最佳治疗策略的追求。此外,世界卫生组织即将修订的中枢神经系统肿瘤分类将要求进行强有力的分子分组,这对许多临床病理实验室,特别是那些资源不足的地理中心来说是一个相当大的挑战。

虽然在MB中最罕见,但WNT突变的预后最好,因此最有可能从治疗方法的改变中受益。不幸的是,仅靠免疫组化可能不足以确定WNT的特征,而更先进的方法(如CTNNB1第3外显子测序、DNA甲基化、基因分析)十分昂贵且较难获得。在四种SHH分子亚型(SHH-a、SHH-b、SHH-g、SHH-d)中,成人SHH突变(SHH-d)通常显示出良好的预后。然而,在婴儿SHH(SHH-b/SHH-g)中,SHH-g可能不需要加强治疗,相比之下,年龄较大的儿童SHH-a往往带有高风险的TP53突变。最后,第3组和第4组肿瘤由于缺乏流行的识别驱动基因突变的方法,往往被暂时捆绑为非WNT和非SHH MB,需要使用聚类、基因表达和DNA甲基化分析进行高级处理。不幸的是,第3组肿瘤的预后最差,是临床试验和替代疗法的主要目标。

机器学习可以挖掘高维图像特征,有助于精确分析的定量特征。最近描述的基于图像生物标志物标准化倡议(IBSI)的放射组学特征能够以标准化和可复制的方式对肿瘤进行定量描述,例如:形状(肿瘤大小、体积、表面积、球形)、一阶统计(体素强度的分布)或纹理(图像中的灰度分布)。

近日,发表Radiology杂志的一项研究在美国、加拿大和英国等12个主要中心组建了一个大型儿科MB队列,开发了基于IBSI的放射基因组学策略,以实现四个具有临床意义的MB分子亚组的早期准确识别及诊断

项回顾性研究评估了1997年7月至2020年5月期间在12个国际儿科基地的MRI上新诊断为MB的连续小儿患者。从T2和对比增强T1加权的术前MRI扫描中提取了1800个特征。设计了一个两阶段的顺序分类器--首先识别WNT和SHH MB,然后将治疗相关的WNT与SHH进行区分。此外,还开发了一个能区分高风险的第3组和第4组MB的分类器。进行了一个独立的二元亚组分析,以发现婴儿与儿童SHH亚组特有的放射组学特征。从六个候选分类器中选出了表现最好的模型,并在保留的测试集上测量了性能。通过对2000个随机样本的测试集进行引导获得了CIs。使用Wald检验将模型的准确率与无信息率进行比较。

研究队列包括263名患者(诊断时平均年龄±SD,87个月±60;166名男孩)。两阶段分类器的表现优于单阶段的多类分类器。组合的顺序分类器在WNT方面取得了88%的微平均F1得分和95%的二进制F1得分。第3组与第4组的分类器取得了98%的接受者操作特征曲线下面积。在图像生物标志物标准化倡议的特征中,纹理和一阶强度特征在各分子亚组中贡献最大。


图 没有参与模型开发的髓母细胞瘤(MB)测试子集的增强T1加权(左)和T2加权(右)MRI扫描的概率输出实例。(A)分阶段的初级分类器模型结果显示了WNT和SHH的概率输出以及随后由WNT和SHH产生的WNT和SHH的输出

本研究提出了一个基于MRI的机器学习决策路径,并预测了四个临床相关的小儿髓母细胞瘤分子亚组。本研究描述了基于图像标志物标准化倡议的放射组学特征,以提高人工智能的透明度并深入了解肿瘤表型。虽然肿瘤诊断将继续依赖于组织标本,但经过验证的机器学习方案可以为基于分子的风险评估提供一个全球性的、具有成本效益的选择或辅助,并扩大未来风险定制疗法和试验设计的机会。

原文出处:

Michael Zhang,Samuel W Wong,Jason N Wright,et al.MRI Radiogenomics of Pediatric Medulloblastoma: A Multicenter Study.DOI:10.1148/radiol.212137

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