近7成2型糖尿病患者需要使用预混胰岛素

2018-03-16 戴中 tnbtd365

有调查显示,在使用口服降糖药血糖控制欠佳的中国2型糖尿病患者中,有近七成患者在起始胰岛素治疗时用的是预混胰岛素。那么,预混胰岛素在使用中有哪些需要注意的问题呢?

预混胰岛素为何使用比例高

预混胰岛素在我国临床上之所以使用更为普遍,其原因主要有以下四个方面。

(1)西方2型糖尿病人群大多存在明显的胰岛素抵抗(抵抗程度多在中度以上),而中国患者的胰岛素抵抗程度多为轻度,但胰岛功能则相对更差。

(2)西方2型糖尿病人群大多以空腹血糖升高为主,因此基础胰岛素使用较多;而中国人群餐后高血糖更为多见,有调查显示,80%以上的中国新诊断2型糖尿病患者都存在餐后高血糖,预混胰岛素恰恰能够兼顾空腹与餐后血糖的控制。

(3)西方人群饮食以蛋白质为主,且早、晚餐比较丰盛,所以基础胰岛素联合口服药或是在餐量最大的一餐前注射餐时胰岛素,这两种方案更为常用;而中国人群饮食以碳水化合物为主,且午、晚餐较丰富,餐后血糖升高明显,预混胰岛素则更为适用,为了达到全天血糖的有效控制,有些患者除了早晚餐前注射预混胰岛素,还可以在午餐前注射小剂量预混胰岛素。

(4)尽管我国指南很早就推荐,如果经较大剂量的两种或更多种口服药联合治疗,糖化血红蛋白仍未达到7%以下,就可以起始胰岛素治疗,但国内研究发现,即便是在糖化血红蛋白超过7.5%的患者中,仍然有大约40%的人尚未起始胰岛素治疗,而我国2型糖尿病患者实际启动胰岛素治疗时的糖化血红蛋白平均为9.65%。这意味着,起始胰岛素治疗的时机过晚,而此时患者的胰岛功能明显降低,高血糖已经很严重,单靠基础胰岛素很难控制好血糖。

预混胰岛素常用于哪些情况

从指南和临床实践中,我们可以总结出预混胰岛素常用于以下三种情况。

(1)起始治疗

《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2013年版)》建议,较大剂量多种口服药联合治疗后糖化血红蛋白大于7%时,胰岛素起始治疗方案可以选择基础胰岛素(中效人胰岛素或长效胰岛素类似物)睡前注射,或是预混胰岛素(预混人胰岛素或预混胰岛素类似物)每日1~2次注射。而临床上,当患者病程较长,或是空腹和餐后血糖都不达标时,医生一般会选择预混胰岛素方案:如果患者对注射存在抵触,可以先选择每日注射一次,即在餐后高血糖最严重的一餐前注射,然后在过渡到每日两次方案;如果患者的餐后血糖比空腹水平增高的幅度远超过5毫摩尔/升,应当选择短效/速效成分比例更高的中预混胰岛素,即50R、50或50/50。

(2)新诊强化

《2型糖尿病短期胰岛素强化治疗临床专家指导意见》建议,新诊断2型糖尿病患者,如果糖化血红蛋白超过9%或空腹血糖超过11.1毫摩尔/升,或者伴有明显高血糖症状(如三多一少),应进行短期胰岛素强化治疗,以去除高糖毒性,修复胰岛β细胞功能。可供选择的强化方案包括基础-餐时胰岛素方案(每日注射四针)、胰岛素泵和每日三次预混胰岛素类似物。前两种方案尽管能更好地模拟生理性胰岛素分泌,但对患者的要求较高,一方面患者要接受两种胰岛素的多次注射或掌握胰岛素泵的使用,还要做到饮食、运动相对固定或是掌握给药剂量的调整,另一方面患者还需要有较好的经济条件。相比而言,每日三次预混胰岛素类似物是一种简单的强化方案,减少了注射次数且只需要一种胰岛素,尤其适合对胰岛素治疗本就存在一些心理障碍的新糖友。临床上,我们通常在住院期间采用胰岛素泵强化治疗,出院时转为预混胰岛素类似物三针方案,这样无论从方便性、经济性还是依从性方面,都利于患者出院后的血糖控制。

(3)方案升级

大家知道,2型糖尿病患者的β细胞功能会进行性下降,原有的胰岛素方案可能过段时间就无法有效控制血糖,此时就需要对方案进行“升级”。当基础胰岛素联合口服降糖药方案失效时,我们可以选择增加餐时胰岛素,有条件者还可以转为胰岛素泵治疗,除此之外,《预混胰岛素临床应用专家共识(2016年版)》还给出了另一种选择,即转为预混胰岛素类似物每日2~3次方案,这种方案不仅能够有效控制全天血糖,而且给药和剂量调整简单方便,更利于患者长期依从治疗。

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    2018-04-28 baoya
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    2018-03-16 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享学习了

    0

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    2018-03-16 神功盖世

    0

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    2018-03-16 sunfeifeiyang

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1749938, encodeId=54511e49938d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=be7c8385345' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰岛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83853, encryptionId=be7c8385345, topicName=胰岛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a7a536274692, createdName=baoya, createdTime=Sat Apr 28 11:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1383422, encodeId=5f3e1383422b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=196a1101f7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#2型糖尿病患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1101, encryptionId=196a1101f7, topicName=2型糖尿病患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ec19483, createdName=aids213, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 02:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1474463, encodeId=d34c14e44637b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=935fe6718e3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#糖尿病患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76718, encryptionId=935fe6718e3, topicName=糖尿病患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a38f7243741, createdName=xue8604, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 02:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587141, encodeId=d678158e14183, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8fd10024527' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预混胰岛素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100245, encryptionId=a8fd10024527, topicName=预混胰岛素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2da517440382, createdName=xjy08, createdTime=Sun Mar 18 02:42:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=296811, encodeId=8d7829681163, content=谢谢分享学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM7GibvIBibibnnnvpajk2stlDF5oichYahI6Bia8uxeTBFoPbdoHWebyXf9eal9FNgUF2lNcrwoZicM3BvQ/0, createdBy=a3742066385, createdName=戒馋,懒,贪, createdTime=Fri Mar 16 13:51:30 CST 2018, time=2018-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=296808, encodeId=b4f329680888, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/fhZdOu27e88Voqh19n8eF8cLplo8L4nicKtH0WnE3KFELXns5XDu8rsiceK2HHDZc2SEStia5VV3Pia2QLMVqlWbHw/0, createdBy=6e012139475, createdName=神功盖世, createdTime=Fri Mar 16 13:35:38 CST 2018, time=2018-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=296802, encodeId=3d032968022f, content=阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Fri Mar 16 13:31:28 CST 2018, time=2018-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=296795, encodeId=4525296e95ae, content=学习了.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/NTic9Miaqzd45vaDM0ekLB3vNS5HOYHY9qazsphRvB9G0fykOZXgCUCLcoia97nvrAvJNk3KDbDGpGQWecDYMvEMQ/132, createdBy=6a7b2264890, createdName=爱吃鱼的菜, createdTime=Fri Mar 16 13:04:24 CST 2018, time=2018-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=296786, encodeId=38cb296e8628, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Fri Mar 16 12:28:35 CST 2018, time=2018-03-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-03-16 爱吃鱼的菜

    学习了.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-03-16 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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