Sci Transl Med:基因疗法与接种疫苗结合 鼻腔注射有望打败流感

2013-06-07 Sci Transl Med 网易探索

最近,研究人员提出了一个替代性方案,作为当流感病毒浮出水面时,可以采取的一个更快的策略:该方案只须将带有保护性抗体的基因注射到人们的鼻子里。研究显示,这个方法——借助于基因疗法和接种疫苗的双重理念,但又有其独特性——可以保护小鼠免受一系列流感病毒的感染。 James Wilson是美国宾夕法尼亚大学的一位居领导地位的基因疗法研究员,他将这个想法归功于2010年4月他与比尔·盖茨的一次会谈。Wil

基因疗法与接种疫苗结合 鼻腔注射有望打败流感

最近,研究人员提出了一个替代性方案,作为当流感病毒浮出水面时,可以采取的一个更快的策略:该方案只须将带有保护性抗体的基因注射到人们的鼻子里。研究显示,这个方法——借助于基因疗法和接种疫苗的双重理念,但又有其独特性——可以保护小鼠免受一系列流感病毒的感染。

James Wilson是美国宾夕法尼亚大学的一位居领导地位的基因疗法研究员,他将这个想法归功于2010年4月他与比尔·盖茨的一次会谈。Wilson那时一直在研究一种无害的基因治疗工具——称为腺关联病毒(AAV)——是否可以作为基因运载工具治疗像囊肿性纤维化和血友病这样的遗传疾病。盖茨基金会旨在关注全球健康问题,他“问我是否可以将AAV-介导疗法应用于流行性感染和新发感染上”,Wilson回忆说。

Wilson被这个想法深深吸引。依托艾滋病研究人员所作的动物研究以及自己在囊肿性纤维化方面所做的工作,他想知道,一种经过专门设计的AAV是否能够将编码了流感抗体的基因传递给覆盖着支气管的细胞。如果这个疗法可以达到预想的效果,这些所谓的上皮细胞就会在病毒试图导致感染的地方产生流感抗体。

研究最开始涉及的一个关键问题就是决定产生哪些抗体,因为有众多不同的流感病毒株;一个放之四海而皆准的解决方案将是最理想的。随后,2011年瑞士贝林索纳生物医学研究所的免疫学家Antonio Lanzavecchia发表在《科学》上的一篇论文称他们的研究隔离了一种罕见的“广泛中和抗体”,它能够抵御多种流感毒株。

Wilson和同事设计了AAV从而可以携带针对这种罕见抗体的基因。当他们将这种病毒注射到老鼠和雪貂的鼻子中时,这些动物的上皮细胞产生了实验希望得到的抗体,然后他们利用一系列危险的流感病毒来“考验”这些动物,而这些病毒没有一种单一的疫苗可以抵御,其中包括H5N1——该病毒能够使人类和家禽死亡,还有导致臭名昭著的1918年流感大流行的H1N1。5月29日发表在《科学—转化医学》杂志上的报告称,在预防疾病方面,这种抗体在大多数情况下可以提供坚实的保护。

“这是一项很出色的研究。”Lanzavecchia说这个成果大部分要归功于2002年在防治艾滋病病毒领域首次开展类似实验的研究人员。“这是一个对由其他团队开创的方法的新应用。”他说,“主要问题是:你想如何使用这个方法?基因疗法预防流感可持续与否?”

他解释说,问题在于这种战略不同于疫苗接种,后者会使免疫系统产生的抗体同时能够让身体在接种的几年甚至几十年里都知道怎样产生抗体。在这一研究中,AAV充当特洛伊木马的角色,它引导支气管上的上皮细胞产生抗体;现在的问题是上皮细胞能够在多长时间里继续产生抗体。

宾夕法尼亚州费城儿童医院的分子病毒学家Philip Johnson曾参与AAV的早期研究以及类人猿感染艾滋病病毒抗体的研究,2009年他将一个以猴子为实验的研究结果发表在《自然—医学》杂志上,他所研究的载体有效工作了1年多的时间。相比之下,在Wilson的研究中,AAV的效力在猴子试验进行了约3个月时就开始逐渐减弱。Johnson说,一个关键的区别是,他将载体注射到猴子的肌肉里,而肌肉中存在着能长时间存活的细胞,而Wilson将载体喷射到猴子的鼻子里。他指出:该疗法所依赖的支气管上皮细胞会不断地脱落。

Wilson承认在流感大流行期间仅仅提供3个月的防护时间“并不是最佳”的。他现在的工作正致力于增加该疗法的耐久性,他说他的目标是将耐久性延伸到6个月。但他说,这个目标并不是让载体永久性地产生抗体。而不这样做的部分原因是出于对安全的考虑。Wilson曾领导了一个以腺病毒载体为研究对象的基因疗法研究,而该研究因为在1999年造成病人JesseGelsinger的死亡而出名,该事件给整个研究领域带来了重大挫折。尽管AAV从未在人类身上造成任何伤害,但人工病毒载体总是有许多未知数。

Wilson认为他的研究是在研究人员能找出一种可触发广泛中和抗体的疫苗之前的一个权宜之计。但到目前为止,尽管付出了巨大努力,研究人员一直无法设计出一种疫苗来促使这些强大分子的产生。“我们还有很长的路要走。”他说,“在得到最好的结果之前,我们只能坚持不懈地进行研究。”

Intranasal Antibody Gene Transfer in Mice and Ferrets Elicits Broad Protection Against Pandemic Influenza
The emergence of a new influenza pandemic remains a threat that could result in a substantial loss of life and economic disruption worldwide. Advances in human antibody isolation have led to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that have broad neutralizing activity against various influenza strains, although their direct use for prophylaxis is impractical. To overcome this limitation, our approach is to deliver antibody via adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to the site of initial infection, which, for respiratory viruses such as influenza, is the nasopharyngeal mucosa. AAV vectors based on serotype 9 were engineered to express a modified version of the previously isolated broadly neutralizing mAb to influenza A, FI6. We demonstrate that intranasal delivery of AAV9.FI6 into mice afforded complete protection and log reductions in viral load to 100 LD50 (median lethal dose) of three clinical isolates of H5N1 and two clinical isolates of H1N1, all of which have been associated with historic human pandemics (including H1N1 1918). Similarly, complete protection was achieved in ferrets challenged with lethal doses of H5N1 and H1N1. This approach serves as a platform for the prevention of natural or deliberate respiratory diseases for which a protective antibody is available.

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    2013-10-28 bsmagic9140
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    2013-06-09 mnda
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