JAAOS:长期使用阿片类药物患者骨科手术时的疼痛管理

2014-10-22 紫川秀第二 童勇骏 丁香园

阿片类药物在骨骼肌肉疼痛的临床治疗中应用较多。但是,阿片药物使用较长时间较多的副作用,对有长期阿片类药物使用病史的患者,围手术期的疼痛控制是一个难点。 对这类患者需进行仔细的评估,包括术前患者的阿片类药物使用量,患者对疼痛相关的敏感程度,是否有潜在的精神或心理疾病等。对大剂量使用阿片药物的患者,需请专科医生评估是否存在成瘾性的可能。多种局部阻滞麻醉和药物止痛方法可以用来改善围手术期疼痛,

阿片类药物在骨骼肌肉疼痛的临床治疗中应用较多。但是,阿片药物使用较长时间较多的副作用,对有长期阿片类药物使用病史的患者,围手术期的疼痛控制是一个难点。

对这类患者需进行仔细的评估,包括术前患者的阿片类药物使用量,患者对疼痛相关的敏感程度,是否有潜在的精神或心理疾病等。对大剂量使用阿片药物的患者,需请专科医生评估是否存在成瘾性的可能。多种局部阻滞麻醉和药物止痛方法可以用来改善围手术期疼痛,对长期阿片药物服用病史的患者,采用多模式镇痛方式进行疼痛控制可以显著改善围手术期疼痛的控制,提高患者的生存质量。

Clinton J. Devin等人近期在JAAOS上对长期使用阿片类药物的患者骨科围手术期如何镇痛进行了全面的回顾和分析,现将部分要点翻译如下。

骨科手术患者术前长期使用阿片药物的对骨科围手术期镇痛影响

在术前长期使用阿片类药物可以对骨科手术产生不良的影响。多个作者如Chapman,Zywiel,Lawrence等人的研究均发现,长期使用阿片类药物的患者在骨科手术后出现并发症和疼痛严重的概率要显著高于未使用阿片类药物的患者。

上述研究结果强调了在骨科术前对患者进行详细阿片类药物使用史询问的重要性。表1提供了各种不同阿片类药物剂量换算的比例,以吗啡作为参考剂量。目前临床上对阿片类药物日常剂量尚无统一的分级标准。本文推荐,依据吗啡作为基本单位当量,将患者使用阿片类药物分为无,低剂量(小于30mg/d),中等剂量(30-60mg/d),高剂量(60-120mg/d),超高剂量(大于120mg/d)。

表1:不同阿片类药物和吗啡的换算关系

表1.JPG表1-2.JPG


精神心理因素对骨科围手术期镇痛的影响

对长期使用阿片类药物的患者,通常也容易合并有精神心理疾病,包括,情绪疾病,药物滥用,躯体运动障碍,焦虑症等。长期使用阿片类药物也可以改变患者的情绪应激。因此,在评估长期使用阿片类药物患者的术前状况时,需要仔细区分药物诱发的情绪变化和患者本身所具有的疾病间的差异。

围手术期疼痛控制

目前所有骨科手术的患者围手术期疼痛控制均推荐采用多模式镇痛,对长期使用阿片类药物的患者也是如此。按照术前,术后等镇痛时间段不同,可采取不同的镇痛方法,如表2所示。

表2

对术前不同阿片类药物使用剂量患者的镇痛方式选择

低剂量(0-30mg/d)

中等剂量(30-60mg/d)

高剂量(>60mg/d)

术前评估

术前评估

术前评估

依据手术日期制定术前阿片类药物梯度降低方案

依据手术日期制定阿片类药物的低度降低方案,至医患双方均能接受的水平

告知患者高剂量阿片类药物对治疗效果的影响

以非阿片类药物作为控制疼痛的替代方案

和患者讨论疼痛相关概念,并给患者其它非阿片类止痛药物的建议

推荐至药物成瘾门诊专科医生就诊评估

告知患者,术后使用阿片类药物镇痛并不是必须的

告知患者,术后使用阿片类药物镇痛并不是必须的

依据成瘾门诊专科医生的建议采取对应的措施

在后期的术前门诊随访时继续强调阿片类药物戒断的重要性

和患者强调阿片类药物服用的目标值

手术

手术

手术

对合适的患者,尽可能采用区域阻滞麻醉

对合适的患者,尽可能采用区域阻滞麻醉

对合适的患者,尽可能采用区域阻滞麻醉

在围手术期使用阿片类药物需非常慎重

在麻醉的基础上联合使用其他的镇痛方式,如超前镇痛,NSAIDs,对乙酰氨基酚片等

在麻醉的基础上联合使用其他的镇痛方式,如超前镇痛,NSAIDs,对乙酰氨基酚片等

在围手术期使用阿片类药物需非常慎重

在围手术期使用阿片类药物需非常慎重

术后

术后

术后

在每次术后随访时评估患者阿片类药物使用剂量

在每次术后随访时评估患者阿片类药物使用剂量

在每次术后随访时评估患者阿片类药物使用剂量

鼓励患者药物成瘾门诊定期随访

鼓励患者戒断阿片类药物依赖性

鼓励患者戒断阿片类药物依赖性

允许同一医生在必要时开具阿片类药物进行镇痛

鼓励患者戒断阿片类药物依赖性

本文主要强调一个超前镇痛的概念。超前镇痛是指在患者术前给予一定量的镇痛药物,以抑制术后中枢神经系统的高反应性,从而减少术后的疼痛效应。超前镇痛的不仅需要有效的控制术前疼痛,同时也需要抑制术后因组织炎症反应刺激而产生的疼痛。超前镇痛的方式和药物可以选择包括以下单一品种或者组合:区域麻醉,NSAIDs,阿片类,抗痉挛药物,对乙酰氨基酚片等。但目前临床上对超前镇痛的有效性仍存在较大的争议。是否具有效果后期需要更多的研究证实。

原始出处:

Devin CJ, Lee DS, Armaghani SJ, Bible J, Shau DN, Martin PR, Ehrenfeld JM.Approach to Pain Management in Chronic Opioid Users Undergoing Orthopaedic Surgery.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2014 Oct;22(10):614-622.

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677058, encodeId=508d16e705875, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=30f4e06139d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疼痛管理#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70613, encryptionId=30f4e06139d, topicName=疼痛管理)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9e8a27427414, createdName=gds2018, createdTime=Tue Jan 06 13:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2010122, encodeId=d7ea2010122a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ea49698234' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#长期使用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96982, encryptionId=3ea49698234, topicName=长期使用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=365d170, createdName=chenwq08, createdTime=Thu Nov 27 21:46:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1642897, encodeId=ce2a164289e50, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1e19168181' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AAOS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1681, encryptionId=1e19168181, topicName=AAOS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c11e23034343, createdName=ms1260584454294838, createdTime=Thu Jun 18 18:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2071218, encodeId=c67120e1218fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ab241680a3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AAO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1680, encryptionId=ab241680a3, topicName=AAO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8217292, createdName=yinhl1978, createdTime=Sun Jan 11 17:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1252985, encodeId=0bc01252985d8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13159e8871d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97887, encryptionId=13159e8871d, topicName=阿片类药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c83329, createdName=10518093zz, createdTime=Fri Oct 24 02:46:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308995, encodeId=43851308995b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0179e879ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿片类#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97879, encryptionId=a0179e879ac, topicName=阿片类)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7e12358, createdName=lhlxtx, createdTime=Fri Oct 24 02:46:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1448883, encodeId=3d40144888322, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd74101e9529' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨科手术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101795, encryptionId=cd74101e9529, topicName=骨科手术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210116/95d1b258331c4bc19e587ac44e4847bc/81f31ceb8b384fb8b2f04083b221b430.jpg, createdBy=85585453324, createdName=朱睿睿, createdTime=Fri Oct 24 02:46:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-01-11 yinhl1978
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    2014-10-24 lhlxtx
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