Injury:微创腹直肌旁入路治疗移位的髋臼骨折

2014-06-06 伊文 丁香园

对累及关节面的髋臼骨折,治疗的金标准是关节复解剖复位及牢固的内固定。微创治疗髋臼骨折可以减少术中出血、感染及广泛的软组织剥离。但是微创手术技术受骨折类型、放射视野及手术时间的延长等方面的限制。微创下复位失败是髋臼微创固定的主要问题。 埃及艾斯尤特大学的Osama Farouk医生对2009年1月至2012年6月,32名患者髋臼的简单横型骨折(AO分型62B1),使用微创腹直肌旁入路复位固定移

对累及关节面的髋臼骨折,治疗的金标准是关节复解剖复位及牢固的内固定。微创治疗髋臼骨折可以减少术中出血、感染及广泛的软组织剥离。但是微创手术技术受骨折类型、放射视野及手术时间的延长等方面的限制。微创下复位失败是髋臼微创固定的主要问题。

埃及艾斯尤特大学的Osama Farouk医生对2009年1月至2012年6月,32名患者髋臼的简单横型骨折(AO分型62B1),使用微创腹直肌旁入路复位固定移位的髋臼骨折,取得了较好的效果,相关文章发表在Injury杂志上。

手术方法


患者仰卧于可透视的手术台上。做斜型微创切口,长约3-4cm,切口平行于腹外斜肌纤维,起自腹直肌外侧界,止于腹股沟上方中点内侧(图1A)。切口位于Hesselbach三角内,内侧是腹直肌外缘,外侧是腹壁下动脉,下方是腹股沟韧带。在透视帮助下可以将切口精确定位于骨折部位(图1B)。


图1A:切口示意图

沿纤维走行切开腹外斜肌筋膜(图2),确认并牵开髂腹股沟神经。腹内斜肌的弓状束连同精索或子宫圆韧带牵向内侧(图3),显露腹股沟管后壁及腹横筋膜。触摸外侧的髂外血管并确定其位置以免损伤。寻找腹壁下动脉(图4),可以牵开保护也可以结扎。切开腹横筋膜打开腹膜外间隙。使用Deaver牵开器保护外侧的髂外血管及内侧的膀胱。

触摸骨折部位并插入长钝的挤压器(图5),自前内侧对骨折进行挤压复位。这种复位操作可以将移位的前柱向后推,也可以把后柱的内侧面连同四方平面推向外侧并纠正其旋转,以此来复位骨折(图5B-D)。纵向及侧方牵引髋关节可以方便复位。继续保持剥离器的挤压复位的同时打入螺钉(图6A),注意防止挤压器滑脱伤及前方的髂外血管及后方的闭孔血管神经。

通过透视及手指触膜评估复位情况,经皮顺行或逆行打入6.3mm的拉力螺钉(图6B和C)。置钉时注意不要穿入髋关节或打透前柱皮质“走廊”。通过髋关节正位及闭孔位、骨盆入口位透视检查螺钉的位置。透视下通过髋关节的活动对骨折部位施加应力来检查内固定的稳定性。缝合腹部切口,无需放置引流。

术后前6周行患肢触地功能锻炼,随后部分负重直至骨折愈合后完全负重。出院后患者每四周进行影像学检查并评估愈合情况,直到骨折愈合,之后每12周一次随访评估术后功能的恢复情况。

在移位的髋臼横行骨折手术固定时,要么使用经典的切开入路如髂腹股沟入路或改良的Stoppa入路,要么使用微创入路以减少入路引起的并发症。

文章介绍的微创腹直肌旁入路有以下几个优点:(1)可以从内向外、从前向后复位骨折,(2)可以通过手指的触摸来检查复位情况,(3)固定结束后可以通过手指触摸来检查稳定情况,(4)通过微小切口直视下或手指导引下插入复位装置是比较安全的。

这个切口的缺点是:(1)需要助手一直保持复位,(2)经皮打入螺钉时保持复位有时比较困难,(3)微创切口邻近重要神经血管,特别是髂外血管、闭孔血管神经、精索及髂腹股沟神经等,需熟悉髋臼前入路的解剖。

这个切口的另一个好处是假如微创手术不成功的话,可以扩大成改良的Stoppa切口或标准的腹直肌周围切口。

微创腹直肌周围入路联合经皮柱间螺钉固定适用于前移位的简单横行髋臼骨折,不适用用严重移位或多个骨块块的粉碎性骨折,也不适用于同时存在有后壁骨折伴髋关节后侧不稳定的情况 。

原始出处:

Farouk O1, Kamal A2, Badran M3, El-Adly W3, El-Gafary K3.Minimal invasive para-rectus approach for limited open reduction and percutaneous fixation of displaced acetabular fractures.Injury. 2014 Jun;45(6):995-9. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.02.006. Epub 2014 Feb 15.

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    2014-08-16 xuqianhua
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    2014-06-08 vera_1203