Nature:研究者发现新的黑色素瘤突变基因-PREX2

2012-05-19 T.Shen 生物谷

PREX2是一个在黑色素瘤中发现的突变的基因(Credit: Alexei Protopopov) 黑色素瘤是一种致命的而且最具有攻击性的皮肤癌症,被认为和长期暴露在太阳光之下有关。近日,来自美国Dana-Farber癌症研究所和布罗德研究所的研究人员对25个转移性黑色素肿瘤进行了全基因组的测序,研究者证实了慢性的太阳光暴露在发展为黑色素瘤中的重要作用,并且揭示了黑色素瘤发生的重要遗传改变。相关

PREX2是一个在黑色素瘤中发现的突变的基因(Credit: Alexei Protopopov)

黑色素瘤是一种致命的而且最具有攻击性的皮肤癌症,被认为和长期暴露在太阳光之下有关。近日,来自美国Dana-Farber癌症研究所和布罗德研究所的研究人员对25个转移性黑色素肿瘤进行了全基因组的测序,研究者证实了慢性的太阳光暴露在发展为黑色素瘤中的重要作用,并且揭示了黑色素瘤发生的重要遗传改变。相关研究成果刊登在了5月9日的国际杂志Nature上。

在文章中,研究者展示了人类黑色素瘤高分辨率的基因组景观,以前的遗传分析焦点在于许多类型黑色素瘤的外显子组上,而且研究者关注的是提供遗传编码产生蛋白质的一些小碎片基因。研究者表示,黑色素瘤的整个基因组包含了丰富的遗传信息,通过对25个转移性的黑色素瘤进行测序,科学家们可以黑色素瘤遗传多样性的改变。

研究者Levi A.Garraway表示,对黑色素瘤进行全基因组测序会有一些丰富度的发现,而这些是在外显子组中不能够被捕获发现的。通过进行全基因组测序,你会更精确地看到黑色素瘤基因突变的比例以及不同类型的突变,这样我们就更有信心来描述由于紫外线诱导所引起的黑色素瘤的基因突变或者诱变。当科学家开发出了整个黑色素瘤的基因组数据并且对其进行广泛分析后,他们发现了病人的遗传突变和慢性的太阳光暴露有关,这就更加确定了太阳光损伤对于黑色素瘤发展的影响。

人类的黑色素瘤整个基因组的分析第一次展示了许多类型肿瘤的结构性重排的存在,正如预期的一样,科学家们在24种类型肿瘤中检测了已知的BRAF突变和NRAS突变,这些基因都参与了细胞生长中重要信号分子的传递。更引人注意的是基因PREX2,该基因可以通过关闭肿瘤已知基因来使得病人患上乳腺癌,并且在44%的病人中发生了突变;PREX2会在遗传破碎聚集中发生突变,并且可以加速肿瘤的发展,它的突变并不是仅仅发生在定点位置,而是可以经典地开启癌基因。研究者Berger表示,这种样式的突变和肿瘤抑制基因非常像,但是从功能性的实验上来讲,它的行为更像是癌基因一样。

当PREX2功能正常的时候,它会与蛋白PTEN反应,PTEN是一个肿瘤抑制基因,可以静置正常细胞的生长,小鼠实验证明,PREX2的突变可以刺激肿瘤生长。研究者表示,目前他们对于PREX2如何工作仍不清楚,PREX2可能会被划为一个新的癌症基因种类,当然了,研究者未来将视该基因为一个新的治疗黑色素瘤的新靶点。

或许PREX2的发现只是冰山一角,就好像是PREX2的发现一样,新的黑色素瘤基因仍需要通过新技术去发现。

doi:10.1038/nature11071
PMC:
PMID:

Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations

Michael F. Berger, Eran Hodis, Timothy P. Heffernan, Yonathan Lissanu Deribe, Michael S. Lawrence, Alexei Protopopov, Elena Ivanova, Ian R. Watson, Elizabeth Nickerson, Papia Ghosh, Hailei Zhang, Rhamy Zeid, Xiaojia Ren, Kristian Cibulskis, Andrey Y. Sivachenko, Nikhil Wagle, Antje Sucker, Carrie Sougnez, Robert Onofrio, Lauren Ambrogio, Daniel Auclair, Timothy Fennell, Scott L. Carter, Yotam Drier, Petar Stojanov et al.

Melanoma is notable for its metastatic propensity, lethality in the advanced setting and association with ultraviolet exposure early in life1. To obtain a comprehensive genomic view of melanoma in humans, we sequenced the genomes of 25 metastatic melanomas and matched germline DNA. A wide range of point mutation rates was observed: lowest in melanomas whose primaries arose on non-ultraviolet-exposed hairless skin of the extremities (3 and 14 per megabase (Mb) of genome), intermediate in those originating from hair-bearing skin of the trunk (5–55 per Mb), and highest in a patient with a documented history of chronic sun exposure (111 per Mb). Analysis of whole-genome sequence data identified PREX2 (phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 2)—a PTEN-interacting protein and negative regulator of PTEN in breast cancer2—as a significantly mutated gene with a mutation frequency of approximately 14% in an independent extension cohort of 107 human melanomas. PREX2 mutations are biologically relevant, as ectopic expression of mutant PREX2 accelerated tumour formation of immortalized human melanocytes in vivo. Thus, whole-genome sequencing of human melanoma tumours revealed genomic evidence of ultraviolet pathogenesis and discovered a new recurrently mutated gene in melanoma.

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    2012-05-29 yeaweam
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    2013-03-03 sunylz
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    2013-02-14 liye789132251
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    2013-03-11 stfoxst
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