Science:“少年不知愁滋味”的生物学机制

2014-05-12 孙学军 孙学军博客

 大部分人都希望能过目不忘,但遗忘几乎是必然发生的生物学现象,学习记忆力好似乎是聪明的主要表现,其实遗忘也很重要,选择性遗忘是保持大脑功能的有效手段,这就像是电脑的内存和硬盘一样,要随时清理甚至删除,才能更有效继续工作。过去科学家对学习记忆产生的原理了解比较多,但是对遗忘这种生物学现象真的了解部多,尤其是细胞和分子细节。 你可以记住你的生日,但你能记住数周前早餐吃过的东西吗?大多数人来

 
大部分人都希望能过目不忘,但遗忘几乎是必然发生的生物学现象,学习记忆力好似乎是聪明的主要表现,其实遗忘也很重要,选择性遗忘是保持大脑功能的有效手段,这就像是电脑的内存和硬盘一样,要随时清理甚至删除,才能更有效继续工作。过去科学家对学习记忆产生的原理了解比较多,但是对遗忘这种生物学现象真的了解部多,尤其是细胞和分子细节。

你可以记住你的生日,但你能记住数周前早餐吃过的东西吗?大多数人来说,日常小事会被逐渐遗忘。最近研究提供了一种解释遗忘这种现象的神经生物学机制。研究发现,在海马齿状回新生神经细胞可帮助删除老的记忆,并提供新的记忆载体。

人和许多哺乳动物如小鼠,出生后大脑大部分区域都失去再生能力,但在一些负责记忆编码的脑区,这种神经再生能力始终保持着,这些区域就包括海马齿状回。在人类大脑,每天海马齿状回都能制造700个新的神经细胞。

研究发现,抑制小鼠神经再生会损害模式分离pattern separation的学习能力,模式分离是能对两种很类似环境区分的能力。

虽然关于神经再生和学习记忆的关系存在争议,但近10年大量研究支持,运动和药物(如抗抑郁药Prozac)促进神经再生的同时,确实能提高学习地点和时间知识的能力。数年前,加拿大神经生物学家Paul Frankland注意到他,但使用促进神经再生的干预后,他的一些实验动物似乎对某些需要记忆的工作任务出现困难。尤其是需要对细节进行记忆对任务。

这一些结果实在太有意思了,难以让Frankland 遗忘。人类和小鼠从新生儿、青少年到成年,随着年龄增加神经再生能力逐渐减少,Frankland等尝试从神经再生角度来解释普遍存在的一个现象:婴儿期失忆,婴儿期失忆是指人成年后无法记忆2-4岁前的经历。一些理论模型认为,新神经细胞会通过破坏海马中已经形成的记忆信息,但是这种模型并没有任何活体证据。

为验证这个假说,Frankland等首先比较了成年会出生后17天等小鼠的记忆稳定性,17天的小鼠和人类1岁婴儿类似。将这些动物离开熟悉的(木屑隔音罩)环境,放到一个用金属底板的盒子内,并进行电击足底(很痛苦的刺激),然后把这些动物放回笼子内。第一次电刺激6周后,再次将这些动物放回电击足底的盒子内,但这次并不进行电击(只恐吓它们)。成年动物们能继续对这个环境保持恐惧表现(僵freeze)1月以上,年轻的老鼠第2天就忘记这个经历,就像没有发生过一样。Frankland说,少年能记忆24小时,然后就忘记了。这大概就是“少年不知愁滋味”和“新生牛犊不怕虎”的实验证据吧。

然后,他们对这些动物大脑内神经再生的情况进行分析(这不是已经确定的事情?),或许能找到婴儿小鼠不能长时间记忆的依据。考虑到运动能增加神经再生50%以上,科学家让成年小鼠进行转轮运动,这些动物每晚行走5公里路程。另外对这些动物注射一种抗抑郁药物Prozac,这种药物能促进神经再生100%左右。然后再对这些动物进行同样电击和其他类似记忆实验,结果发现这些动物也变得很容易忘记。他们的文章今天在线发表在《科学》上。

从技术上考虑,完全中断新生小鼠神经再生比较困难,但他们依靠基因工程技术让新生神经细胞自杀可抑制50%的神经再生。这些神经再生被抑制的婴儿小鼠也可以和成年小鼠一样表现出比较强的记忆能力。对电击的痛苦经历的记忆时间可以从1天不到,延长到1周左右。

心理学家长期认为,遗忘是人类精神健康的关键,但神经科学家不太关心这个问题,他们更多注意学习和记忆能力的研究。虽然现在不能完全确认,某些抗抑郁药物所以有用,或许就是通过促进神经再生,加快记忆删除程序,让患者将不愉快尽快遗忘,恢复傻呵呵的幸福生活状态。

但是由于目前我们对人类大脑的神经再生无法进行观察,所以难以了解人类是否也存在类似的过程。而且神经再生和记忆也可能存在正面联系,如果从再生角度,老年人已经很少再生了,恰好他们也是短期遗忘的更明显。这就存在完全相反的证据了。不过,这一研究是非常有意思的研究。

相关研究:

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    2015-03-05 happypig

    那能不能阻止遗忘呢

    0

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    2015-03-05 happypig

    或者说能自己选择性遗忘也可以

    0

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    2014-05-16 117.136.8.124

    科学的魅力

    0

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    2014-05-14 jichang
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    2014-05-13 pullo

    非常有意思

    0