我国推出重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静专家共识

2013-08-08 记者匡远深 cmt

镇痛镇静药物对重症脑损伤病人意识评估有何影响?镇痛镇静治疗在缺乏高级别循证医学证据时,尤其是对远期神经系统转归又有何影响?在低温治疗中如何选择应用镇痛镇静药物?这些以往临床有争议的话题而今有了专业性的指导方案。日前,中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会正式发布了“重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静专家共识”(以下简称共识),以其规范神经重症医学的临床医疗实践,这对提高我国重症脑损伤病人的救治水平具有

镇痛镇静药物对重症脑损伤病人意识评估有何影响?镇痛镇静治疗在缺乏高级别循证医学证据时,尤其是对远期神经系统转归又有何影响?在低温治疗中如何选择应用镇痛镇静药物?这些以往临床有争议的话题而今有了专业性的指导方案。日前,中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会正式发布了“重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静专家共识”(以下简称共识),以其规范神经重症医学的临床医疗实践,这对提高我国重症脑损伤病人的救治水平具有重要作用。

我国每年大约有60万重症颅脑损伤病人,其中死亡约10万人,且颅脑损伤发生率都在逐年上升,已成为发达国家儿童和青壮年伤病致死的首要因素。以往颅脑损伤临床救治水平没有标准,多凭医生经验用药,治疗上存在很大的盲目性。去年中旬,中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会通过召开中国神经重症学术会议征集到400余个有关镇痛镇静治疗的问题,并按照循证医学和规范操作原则,组织国内相关领域21位学者编写出了适合我国国情的重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静专家共识。

共识执笔人、中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会主任委员、首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院副院长周建新教授介绍,本共识将重症脑损伤患者界定为:因颅脑创伤、出血和缺血性脑卒中、缺血缺氧性脑病、颅内感染、脑肿瘤或其他疾病引起的脑损伤患者,需要重症加强医疗监测和治疗者。涵盖五个方面问题:即重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静的目的,重症脑损伤患者在镇痛镇静治疗过程中的监测,镇痛镇静药物选择,镇痛镇静治疗在难治性高颅压中的作用及镇痛镇静药物在低温治疗中的应用。共识共推出意见14条,证据和推荐级别依照GRADE标准,分为高、中、低和极低4级。还根据共识证据支持级别、效益、风险、负担和费用的综合判断,推荐级别分为强和弱两种。

周建新说,镇痛镇静治疗是重症脑损伤患者临床处理的重要组成部分,是低温治疗的常规辅助用药,镇静药物也是控制癫痫持续状态的常用药物之一。它的作用除了包括控制焦虑、躁动和疼痛,减轻应激反应,提高机械通气的协调性,减轻医疗护理操作对患者造成的伤害性刺激外,更重要的是发挥脑保护作用,维持脑氧供需平衡,提高患者舒适度和预后效果。

周建新指出,镇痛镇静的治疗,应在控制疼痛、纠正生理学异常的同时,建立多元化监测理念,建立定时和及时意识评估、瞳孔监测和神经系统体检常规、疼痛评估常规,建立神经系统影像学检查的标准以及建立重症脑损伤患者镇静深度监测和疼痛评估常规。

在药物选择上,共识提出了应遵循的两个基本原则,即对中枢神经系统无附加损害且药物作用能够快速消除。并对常用的镇痛镇静药物的作用、利弊、循证证据、在什么情况下如何选择、用药剂量和用药时间以及切忌等都作了明确的说明。

共识还对目前尚无证据支持何种镇痛镇静药物最适合于脑损伤患者及现有证据不支持重型脑损伤患者预防性应用大剂量麻醉镇静药物治疗给出了指导性意见。

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    2013-08-10 zhaojie88
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