没有休克,为啥乳酸还是高了?

2022-04-20 急诊时间 急诊时间

临床上我们经常遇到乳酸升高情况,那么都什么原因才会导致乳酸升高呢?

什么是高乳酸血症?

当乳酸水平 > 2 mmol/L 时即可诊断为高乳酸血症,当乳酸 > 4 mmol/L 时,通常伴有 PH 值 < 7.3,则可诊断为乳酸酸中毒。

(一)A 型乳酸酸中毒

大多数乳酸酸中毒属于 A 型乳酸酸中毒,其主要病因为低血容量、心力衰竭、脓毒症或心肺骤停等导致的组织灌注明显不足。除非组织灌注迅速恢复,否则预后通常会很差。因此,初始血清乳酸盐水平和乳酸盐水平的下降速度、乳酸清除速度等,均为脓毒性休克患者生存率的强预测指标。

(二)B 型乳酸酸中毒

B 型乳酸酸中毒可能参与的疾病包括:

1.糖尿病

双胍类药物治疗 2 型糖尿病时可引起 B 型乳酸酸中毒。二甲双胍在意外或故意急性过量用药导致血药浓度较高时,最可能引起乳酸酸中毒。这种情况相对容易处理,及时停药、补液及利尿,大多数患者可以缓解。

部分糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者可发生与双胍类药物治疗无关的中度乳酸酸中毒。其中低血容量可能起了重要作用。2. 恶性肿瘤

乳酸酸中毒偶尔可见于白血病淋巴瘤和实体恶性肿瘤患者。无论机制如何,移除肿瘤 (化疗、放疗或手术) 通常能纠正乳酸酸中毒。

3. 酗酒 

长期严重酗酒的患者可能发生轻度乳酸酸中毒。

4. 线粒体功能障碍

多种先天性或获得性线粒体缺陷会损害丙酮酸盐的利用,可引起乳酸酸中毒,这类疾病被归为线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸酸中毒和脑卒中样发作综合征。

(三)两种特殊类型的高乳酸血症

1. 基本可以解除警报的高乳酸血症——抽搐和剧烈运动

看到乳酸升高,大家都非常紧张,因为很可能预示着病情危重,但是下面的情况,乳酸虽然升高,却危险性不高。

当抽搐发生时,由于患者短时间内肌肉严重收缩,导致无氧代谢增加,瞬间可以释放大量乳酸到血液中,导致乳酸水平明显升高。曾经笔者同事接到过神经内科急会诊,请示可否行 CRRT 处理高乳酸血症。迅速抵达现场后发现患者神清语明、呼吸平稳,但乳酸已超过 15 mmol/l。仔细询问病史才知道刚刚发生了抽搐大发作,于是告知请会诊医生继续观察,过几个小时后再次复查血气分析,乳酸又恢复了正常。

运动员剧烈运动后乳酸水平升高,也是这个原理。事实上,我国从上世纪 90 年代起引入的运动员科学选拔和训练技巧,第一个指标就是血乳酸,监测乳酸水平为运动员的训练方式提供了科学依据。

2. D- 乳酸酸中毒

D- 乳酸酸中毒是乳酸酸中毒的一种罕见类型,可发生于短肠综合征或其他类型的胃肠道吸收不良的患者。这些患者中,异常大量的葡萄糖和淀粉由肠道细菌代谢 (发酵) 成多种有机酸,包括 D- 乳酸。由于人体代谢 D- 乳酸的速度非常缓慢,所以会出现高水平的血浆 D- 乳酸盐和代谢性酸中毒。

对于具有以下 1 个或多个表现,且存在其他方面无法解释的代谢性酸中毒 (阴离子间隙增高型或高氯性) 的患者,应高度怀疑 D- 乳酸酸中毒:

  • 短肠综合征或其他吸收不良综合征

  • 酸中毒在进食后出现,并在禁食后缓解

  • 特征性的神经系统症状和体征

  • 既往曾大剂量静脉输注以丙二醇为溶剂的药物或摄入丙二醇

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    2022-07-03 小路非

    学习了

    0

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    2022-05-01 哈!

    获益匪浅

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1230264, encodeId=18fe123026402, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b2d1930182, createdName=小路非, createdTime=Sun Jul 03 13:07:44 CST 2022, time=2022-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1215923, encodeId=22151215923e6, content=获益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201207/c90e91ef40764236aed29bf0de055c37/23caad74c24d4fc2b36ce99b11a0323d.jpg, createdBy=dbd41665725, createdName=哈!, createdTime=Sun May 01 05:40:56 CST 2022, time=2022-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1214261, encodeId=34111214261cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d1523811e6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#乳酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23811, encryptionId=9d1523811e6, topicName=乳酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211210/ede9c51184aa4f54ae6c1164cfb8eeac/967dbf3eff2943c7bf3ccfec3a776ab0.JPG, createdBy=a33789389, createdName=病毒猎手, createdTime=Mon Apr 25 22:22:36 CST 2022, time=2022-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212984, encodeId=b03312129844b, content= 获益满满。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=072a5484258, createdName=仇敏瑜, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 22:16:48 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1212919, encodeId=39cf1212919b2, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6fee1369959, createdName=1649020726, createdTime=Wed Apr 20 19:09:58 CST 2022, time=2022-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-20 仇敏瑜

    获益满满。

    0

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    2022-04-20 1649020726

    学习了

    0

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